Hypersensitive Lung Disease Due to Avian Antigens

Abstract

Five patients, three exposed to budgerigars (parakeets) and two to chickens, had immunological lung reactions. A Type III hypersensitivity response likely accounts for the pulmonary alteration. The inflammatory exudate accumulates within the alveolar walls and adjacent lobular septa. Radiologically, this is manifested as reticular linear densities and/or multiple small nodules, the interstitial pattern. With spillage into the distal air spaces, an acinar pattern emerges. As this disease is reversible in its early stages, increased awareness and proper management may lead to a reduction in the number of patients who are subsequently diagnosed as having "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis".

Imaging Morphologic Substrates and Molecular Changes for Differential Diagnosis of Vascular Dementia

“…Vascular etiologies are the third most common cause of dementia (∼ 8 to 10%), following AD (60 to 70%), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (10 to 25%) [1], but these numbers vary considerably according to the different criteria used for VaD. Furthermore, it is evident from autopsy studies that many patients have mixed dementias, often vascular disease with other conditions [2] Old criteria for VaD only included multi-infarct dementia [3] or dementia resulting from the cumulative effects of several clinically significant strokes, but the current criteria consider multi-infarct dementia as only one of several subtypes of VaD, including single-stroke dementia and small vessel disease.…”