Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism after chronic stress in the rat.

Abstract

The effects of chronic stress on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were studied by analysis of plasma hormone levels, kidney renin mRNA levels, adrenal angiotensin II receptors, and steroidogenesis in rats subjected to repeated immobilization (2 h daily) or intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 M NaCl for 14 d. 24 h after the last stress in both stress models, plasma aldosterone levels were reduced in spite of significant increases in plasma renin activity. Repeatedly intraperitoneal hypertonic saline-injected rats showed plasma renin activity responses to acute immobilization similar to controls, but markedly reduced plasma aldosterone responses. Concomitant with the increases in plasma renin activity, renin mRNA levels in the kidney were significantly increased in intraperitoneal hypertonic saline-injected rats, and these increases were prevented by ,B-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol. In isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells from chronically stressed rats, maximum aldosterone responses to angiotensin II, ACTH, and 8-Br-cAMP were significantly decreased, whereas pregnenolone responses were increased. P450-aldosterone synthetase mRNA levels and binding of '"I-[Sar',Ile8]angiotensin II were significantly reduced in the adrenal zona glomerulosa of stressed rats. These studies show that chronic repeated stress leads to renin stimulation due to sympathetic activation, and inhibition of aldosterone secretion due to inhibition of the late steroidogenic pathway. The data provide evidence for a role of chronic stress in the development of hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism. (J. Clin. Invest. 1995. 96:1512-1519

Mineralocorticoid Deficiency in Hemorrhagic Shock

“…The timing of MD onset is important in evaluating the possible mechanism for MD. One proposed cause of MD is enhanced 17α-hydroxylase expression, which is seen after chronic stress in rats and in cultured bovine zona glomerulosa cells chronically exposed to ACTH [21,22]. The rapid development of MD in our patients, however, is more consistent with an alternative theory of MD and is likely the result of damage to the zona glomerulosa.…”

“…Patients with MD were significantly more likely to experience hypotension (MAP ≤60 mm Hg) during the study period. MD patients required significantly more units of blood in 48 h than non-MD patients (13 [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] versus 5 [2-7], P = 0.015) and had increased crystalloid requirements (18L [14-23] versus 9L [6-10], P < 0.001). MD patients were at higher risk for AKI according to RIFLE and AKIN criteria.…”

Hormonal Disturbances in Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)

“…Some prolonged stressful situations can trigger a complex endocrine response, with high plasmatic renin concentrations and no increase of aldosterone levels. 13,14 Chronic body potassium depletion may have an important inhibitory effect on the secretion of aldosterone by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands. 15,16 Parasitism and atrophy of the cortical layers of the adrenal glands, especially of the zona glomerulosa, have been observed in histological studies, and can exert an additional influence in the adrenal response resulting in low aldosterone production even after renin and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis stimuli.…”

The Effects of Acute and Chronic Immobilization Stress and Aloe vera Extract on Serum Levels of TSH, T3 and T4 in Male Rats

“…In this regard, several studies show that hormones are influential in formation of stress responses (25). There are different reports stating that stress leads to increase in release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids by activities of sympathetic nerves of adrenal gland and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (26,27). It also increases release of excitatory amino acids in the brain (28).…”