Abstract:Owing to their survival benefits, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as the mainstay treatment for several types of malignant tumors including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the usage of ICIs such as nivolumab, ipilimumab, and atezolizumab can be complicated by unexpected rapid clinical deterioration and acceleration of tumor growth. This adverse event is called hyperprogressive disease (HPD) with an incidence rate of 10-20%. Since its first description in 2016, efforts have been made to id… Show more
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