Hyperpolarized nanodiamond with long spin-relaxation times

Rej, Ewa; Gaebel, T.; Boele, Thomas; Waddington, David E. J.; Reilly, David

doi:10.1038/ncomms9459

Cited by 73 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…All powders showed fairly similar build‐up kinetics under these static cryogenic conditions, but their enhancement factors varied between 40 and 250. Recent studies reported a monotonic relationship between maximum cryogenic DNP signal amplification and room‐temperature longitudinal 13 C relaxation for diamond powders ranging between 50 and 500 nm . This trend is qualitatively witnessed here, either in terms of preponderance of a “long” 13 C T 1 relaxation time component or of lengthening T 1 values in the samples (Table ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

et al. 2016

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Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a versatile option to improve the sensitivity of NMR and MRI. This versatility has elicited interest for overcoming potential limitations of these techniques, including the achievement of solid-state polarization enhancement at ambient conditions, and the maximization of (13) C signal lifetimes for performing in vivo MRI scans. This study explores whether diamond's (13) C behavior in nano- and micro-particles could be used to achieve these ends. The characteristics of diamond's DNP enhancement were analyzed for different magnetic fields, grain sizes, and sample environments ranging from cryogenic to ambient temperatures, in both solution and solid-state experiments. It was found that (13) C NMR signals could be boosted by orders of magnitude in either low- or room-temperature solid-state DNP experiments by utilizing naturally occurring paramagnetic P1 substitutional nitrogen defects. We attribute this behavior to the unusually long electronic/nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times characteristic of diamond, coupled with a time-independent cross-effect-like polarization transfer mechanism facilitated by a matching of the nitrogen-related hyperfine coupling and the (13) C Zeeman splitting. The efficiency of this solid-state polarization process, however, is harder to exploit in dissolution DNP-enhanced MRI contexts. The prospects for utilizing polarized diamond approaching nanoscale dimensions for both solid and solution applications are briefly discussed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

et al. 2016

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“…30–35 NDs are 4–6 nm carbon particles with a diamond crystal structure. 30,36,37 NDs are biocompatible; can carry a broad range of therapeutics; are dispersible in water; and allow uniform, scalable production. 30,35,38 Nanodiamonds were recently analyzed for biocompatibility in rats and nonhuman primates and shown to be nontoxic over 6 months by comprehensive analysis of serum, urine, histology, and body weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamond–Gadolinium(III) Aggregates for Tracking Cancer Growth In Vivo at High Field

et al. 2016

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The ability to track labeled cancer cells in vivo would allow researchers to study their distribution, growth, and metastatic potential within the intact organism. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is invaluable for tracking cancer cells in vivo as it benefits from high spatial resolution and the absence of ionizing radiation. However, many MR contrast agents (CAs) required to label cells either do not significantly accumulate in cells or are not biologically compatible for translational studies. We have developed carbon-based nanodiamond–gadolinium(III) aggregates (NDG) for MR imaging that demonstrated remarkable properties for cell tracking in vivo. First, NDG had high relaxivity independent of field strength, a finding unprecedented for gadolinium(III) [Gd(III)]–nanoparticle conjugates. Second, NDG demonstrated a 300-fold increase in the cellular delivery of Gd(III) compared to that of clinical Gd(III) chelates without sacrificing biocompatibility. Further, we were able to monitor the tumor growth of NDG-labeled flank tumors by T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging for 26 days in vivo, longer than was reported for other MR CAs or nuclear agents. Finally, by utilizing quantitative maps of relaxation times, we were able to describe tumor morphology and heterogeneity (corroborated by histological analysis), which would not be possible with competing molecular imaging modalities.

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“…Hyperpolarization is a new method, based on the Overhauser effect, which is promising to improve MRI contrast for nanodiamonds . Basically, the technique transfers spin polarization from paramagnetic impurities at nanodiamond surfaces to 1H spins in the surrounding water solution, in order to create MRI contrast on demand.…”

Section: Labelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells

Chipaux

Laan

Hemelaar

et al. 2018

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Diamonds owe their fame to a unique set of outstanding properties. They combine a high refractive index, hardness, great stability and inertness, and low electrical but high thermal conductivity. Diamond defects have recently attracted a lot of attention. Given this unique list of properties, it is not surprising that diamond nanoparticles are utilized for numerous applications. Due to their hardness, they are routinely used as abrasives. Their small and uniform size qualifies them as attractive carriers for drug delivery. The stable fluorescence of diamond defects allows their use as stable single photon sources or biolabels. The magnetic properties of the defects make them stable spin qubits in quantum information. This property also allows their use as a sensor for temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. This Review focuses on applications in cells. Different diamond materials and the special requirements for the respective applications are discussed. Methods to chemically modify the surface of diamonds and the different hurdles one has to overcome when working with cells, such as entering the cells and biocompatibility, are described. Finally, the recent developments and applications in labeling, sensing, drug delivery, theranostics, antibiotics, and tissue engineering are critically discussed.

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Hyperpolarized nanodiamond with long spin-relaxation times

Cited by 73 publications

References 47 publications

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

Nanodiamond–Gadolinium(III) Aggregates for Tracking Cancer Growth In Vivo at High Field

Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells

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Hyperpolarized nanodiamond with long spin-relaxation times

Cited by 73 publications

References 47 publications

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution 13C NMR Spectroscopy

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution 13C NMR Spectroscopy

Nanodiamond–Gadolinium(III) Aggregates for Tracking Cancer Growth In Vivo at High Field

Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells

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On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid‐State and Dissolution ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy