Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents

Mainieri, Francesca; Bella, Saverio La; Chiarelli, Francesco

doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030809

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…It is well known that atherosclerosis originates in childhood and LDL cholesterol is the most atherogenic lipoprotein. The early detection and treatment of hypercholesterolemia is crucial to prevent atherosclerosis development ( 34 ), especially in males. Indeed, they have a higher incidence of myocardial infarction than females, with males accounting for approximately 70% of infarctions and having a myocardial infarction 7–10 years earlier than females ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and in response to lifestyle intervention in prepubertal and pubertal subjects with obesity

Gilardini,

Croci,

Cavaggioni

et al. 2024

Front. Pediatr.

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ObjectivesChildhood obesity is a growing health problem and requires a tailored treatment. This study explored the sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors in children/adolescents with obesity and in response to a weight loss intervention.MethodsFive hundred and thirty-three children/adolescents with obesity and their parents underwent to a 3-months lifestyle intervention program. Tanner criteria were used to assess the pubertal stage. Before and after 3 months, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP), and biochemical measurements were assessed.ResultsFour hundred and forty five participants completed the treatment (age 12.4 ± 2.7 years, males 45.8%, prepubertal 29.2%, BMI z score 2.3 ± 0.2). In comparison to boys, prepubertal girls had higher values of BMI z score (2.4 ± 02 vs. 2.3 ± 0.2, p < 0.05), waist circumference z score (2.2 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3, p < 0.05), HOMA-IR [2.9 (2.1–4.9) vs. 2.3(1.5–3.6), p < 0.01], prevalence of hypertransaminasemia (41.3% vs. 17.7%, p < 0.05) and lower levels of HDL cholesterol (46.2 ± 9.8 vs. 51.2 ± 10.5 mg/dl, p < 0.05). In the pubertal stage, boys had worse cardiometabolic risk profile than girls, including unfavourable measure of systolic BP (z score: 0.6 ± 1.0 vs. 0.3 ± 1.0, p < 0.01), fasting glucose (87.2 ± 6.1 vs. 84.8 ± 7.7 mg/dl, p < 0.01), ALT (26.9 ± 21.5 vs. 20.2 ± 10.6 U/L, p < 0.001) and uric acid (6.1 ± 1.9 vs. 5.0 ± 1.0 mg/dl, p < 0.001). After the lifestyle intervention, changes in BMI z score (p < 0.05) were higher in pubertal boys than pubertal girls. The systolic blood pressure decrease was greater in pubertal boys than in their female counterpart (Δ systolic BP: −7.2 mmHg in boys vs. −3.6 mmHg in girls, p < 0.05; Δ systolic BP z score: −0.6 in boys vs. −0.3 in girls, p < 0.05). LDL cholesterol showed an improvement only in boys, and ALT in the whole group.ConclusionOur study showed that a short-term lifestyle intervention is more effective in reducing BMI z score and cardiovascular risk factors in pubertal boys than in their female counterparts. Further investigation is needed to deepen this gender difference, especially to develop a tailor-made intervention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and in response to lifestyle intervention in prepubertal and pubertal subjects with obesity

Gilardini,

Croci,

Cavaggioni

et al. 2024

Front. Pediatr.

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“…Is it apo(a), apoB or the lipid part in Lp(a). As Ox-PL–Lp(a) complexes are nowadays pushed as the major causes for its pathogenicity [33 ▪ ], it will be important to unravel the nature of the interactions in order to define new treatment strategies. Also, are there any possibilities to activate Lp-PL-A2 to remove Ox-PL from Lp(a) and reduce its atherogenicity?…”

Section: Burning Questions To Be Addressedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 10 essential questions regarding lipoprotein(a)

Kostner,

Kostner

2023

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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Purpose of review Lp(a) is one of the most atherogenic lipoproteins, and significant progress has been made to understand its pathophysiology over the last 20 years. There are now selective therapies in late-stage clinical trials to lower Lp(a). Yet there are many outstanding questions about Lp(a). This review outlines 10 of the most burning questions and tries to answer some of them. Recent findings Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment is currently the most advanced therapy to lower plasma Lp(a) by 60–80%. There are, however, also two small molecule medications in early stage of development with similar efficacy. Summary This review aims to answer important preclinical and clinical questions about the metabolism and physiological role of Lp(a) and also outlines possible therapeutic approaches with nutraceuticals, currently available lipid-lowering therapies and new medications. In addition, ways are illustrated to use Lp(a) as a marker to better predict cardiovascular risk.

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“…Overweight children and adolescents have a higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia of up to 42%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia increases with increasing BMI with age, 15% at ages 6-11 years and 25% at ages 12-19 years (Mainieri et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Nutritional Status with Cholesterol Levels in Junior High School Students in Malang

Monikasari,

Nugroho,

Natawirarindy

et al. 2024

IJGHR

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Overweight and obesity are the result of excess food intake compared to energy expenditure. Overweight and obesity are health problems associated with dyslipidemia and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Knowledge about being overweight and knowledge about nutrition are related to the practice of choosing the food consumed. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and cholesterol levels in junor hidgh school students in Malang. The method used in this research uses a quantitative descriptive research design with a cross sectional approach. The research location was carried out at Pelita Kasih Lawang Christian Middle School, Malang Regency in February - April 2021. The method used in this research was the total population, with the population in this study being 76 respondents. Respondent characteristics data was obtained based on the population at Pelita Kasih Lawang Christian Middle School, Malang Regency, aged 12-15 years who had more nutritional status and were willing to be respondents when the research was conducted. Nutritional status data was obtained using a weight measuring device using a Camry brand digital scale. Height measuring tool using a micrometer with an accuracy of 0.1 cm. Cholesterol test tool with Easy Touch brand cholesterol strips, non-powdered rubber gloves, 5L biohazard safety box, lancet needle and alcohol swabs. Conclusion: based on the research that has been conducted, it can be concluded that the nutritional status is normal for 36 respondents, the nutritional status is overweight for 11 respondents and the nutritional status for obesity is 7 respondents. There was no relationship between nutritional status and respondents' cholesterol levels. Suggestion: This research still requires further research related to nutritional status and hypercholesterolemia factors.

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Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 19 publications

References 161 publications

Sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and in response to lifestyle intervention in prepubertal and pubertal subjects with obesity

Sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and in response to lifestyle intervention in prepubertal and pubertal subjects with obesity

The 10 essential questions regarding lipoprotein(a)

The Relationship of Nutritional Status with Cholesterol Levels in Junior High School Students in Malang

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