Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain for Securing the Edge Internet of Things

Pajooh, Houshyar Honar; Rashid, M. A.; Alam, Fakhrul; Demidenko, Serge

doi:10.3390/s21020359

Cited by 76 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The concept of blockchain was invented in 2008 as a platform entitled Bitcoin by Satoshi Nakamoto [47]. Blockchain technology is widely evolved from blockchain 1.0, which led to its first application for cryptocurrency purposes with Bitcoin; blockchain 2.0, which relied on the execution of smart contracts to the Ethereum for the transaction of digital assets; blockchain 3.0, which is based on DApps, a decentralized application that avoids centralized infrastructure and runs on a distributed network; to blockchain 4.0, making blockchain applicable in business cases [48][49][50][51][52]. Fundamentally, blockchain is a chain containing a growing list of data about transactions, called blocks, which are added in chronological order and cryptographically linked together.…”

Section: Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ISM Modeling of Barriers for Blockchain/Distributed Ledger Technology Adoption in Supply Chains towards Cybersecurity

2021

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Over the last few years, the increasing level of cyber risks derived from the growing connectedness of Industry 4.0 has led to the emergence of blockchain technology as a major innovation in supply chain cybersecurity. The main purpose of this study is to identify and rank the significant barriers affecting the implementation of blockchain technology as a key component of cyber supply chain risk management (CSCRM). This research relied on the “interpretive structural modeling (ISM)” technique in the structure of a hierarchical model to investigate the contextual relationships of identified challenges for blockchain adoption in CSCRM; it also classifies the influential challenges based on their driving and dependence powers. The results highlight that “cryptocurrency volatility” is the challenge at the top level of the hierarchy, implying weak driving power but it is strongly dependent on the other challenges. “Poor regulatory provisions”, “technology immaturity”, “dependent on input information from external oracles”, “scalability and bandwidth issues”, and “smart contract issues” are significant challenges for the adoption of blockchain in cyber supply chain risk management and are located at the bottom level of the hierarchy with higher driving power. The implications for theory and practice of the research are also highlighted.

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Section: Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ISM Modeling of Barriers for Blockchain/Distributed Ledger Technology Adoption in Supply Chains towards Cybersecurity

2021

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“…The collection of data from interconnected IoT Fig. 4 Local mutual authentication procedure at IoT edge computing [10] devices is a continuous process. The locations and addresses of the stored data are determined in the HLF blockchain for further verification and traceability operations.…”

Section: Edge Computingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The locations and addresses of the stored data are determined in the HLF blockchain for further verification and traceability operations. The details of the authentication and authorization process and the procedures to implement it within the layer-based structure are fully covered in the earlier research [10].…”

Section: Edge Computingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) blockchain platform is a feasible approach to address the security and privacy challenges of edge computing devices within the IoT ecosystem. It can also provide the data provenance for generating data from IoT devices within the HLF and off-chain storage [10]. The details of implementing a layer-based blockchain model in an IoT environment including mathematical modelling and assumptions are described in our previous works [9,10] along with the implementation of lightweight authentication mechanism for constrained IoT devices within the blockchain platform.…”

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confidence: 99%

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IoT Big Data provenance scheme using blockchain on Hadoop ecosystem

et al. 2021

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The diversity and sheer increase in the number of connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices have brought significant concerns associated with storing and protecting a large volume of IoT data. Storage volume requirements and computational costs are continuously rising in the conventional cloud-centric IoT structures. Besides, dependencies of the centralized server solution impose significant trust issues and make it vulnerable to security risks. In this paper, a layer-based distributed data storage design and implementation of a blockchain-enabled large-scale IoT system are proposed. It has been developed to mitigate the above-mentioned challenges by using the Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) platform for distributed ledger solutions. The need for a centralized server and a third-party auditor was eliminated by leveraging HLF peers performing transaction verifications and records audits in a big data system with the help of blockchain technology. The HLF blockchain facilitates storing the lightweight verification tags on the blockchain ledger. In contrast, the actual metadata are stored in the off-chain big data system to reduce the communication overheads and enhance data integrity. Additionally, a prototype has been implemented on embedded hardware showing the feasibility of deploying the proposed solution in IoT edge computing and big data ecosystems. Finally, experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of its throughput, latency, communication, and computation costs. The obtained results have indicated the feasibility of the proposed solution to retrieve and store the provenance of large-scale IoT data within the Big Data ecosystem using the HLF blockchain. The experimental results show the throughput of about 600 transactions, 500 ms average response time, about 2–3% of the CPU consumption at the peer process and approximately 10–20% at the client node. The minimum latency remained below 1 s however, there is an increase in the maximum latency when the sending rate reached around 200 transactions per second (TPS).

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“…On-chain solutions reduce the contents stored in each node by altering the range of consensus or the contents of transactions [10][11][12][13]. Off-chain solutions provide off-chain storage devices to store data, but most of them focus on reducing the data size before the data are uploaded to blockchains [14][15][16][17]. This approach uses blockchain as a proof repository to ensure the integrity of off-chain data, but the off-chain data cannot be retrieved through blockchain node, on the contrary, block archiver [18] reduces the data size of the data that has been uploaded to the blockchain and stored in the blockchain nodes, but block archiver fails to ensure the integrity of the data stored off-chain, which severely damages the tamper-proof property of the original blockchain system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SASLedger: A Secured, Accelerated Scalable Storage Solution for Distributed Ledger Systems

Sun

et al. 2021

Future Internet

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Blockchain technology provides a “tamper-proof distributed ledger” for its users. Typically, to ensure the integrity and immutability of the transaction data, each node in a blockchain network retains a full copy of the ledger; however, this characteristic imposes an increasing storage burden upon each node with the accumulation of data. In this paper, an off-chain solution is introduced to relieve the storage burden of blockchain nodes while ensuring the integrity of the off-chain data. In our solution, an off-chain remote DB server stores the fully replicated data while the nodes only store the commitments of the data to verify whether the off-chain data are tampered with. To minimize the influence on performance, the nodes will store data locally at first and transfer it to the remote DB server when otherwise idle. Our solution also supports accessing all historical data for newly joined nodes through a snapshot mechanism. The solution is implemented based on the Hyperledger Fabric (HLF). Experiments show that our solution reduces the block data for blockchain nodes by 93.3% compared to the original HLF and that our advanced solution enhances the TPS by 9.6% compared to our primary solution.

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Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain for Securing the Edge Internet of Things

Cited by 76 publications

References 68 publications

An ISM Modeling of Barriers for Blockchain/Distributed Ledger Technology Adoption in Supply Chains towards Cybersecurity

An ISM Modeling of Barriers for Blockchain/Distributed Ledger Technology Adoption in Supply Chains towards Cybersecurity

IoT Big Data provenance scheme using blockchain on Hadoop ecosystem

SASLedger: A Secured, Accelerated Scalable Storage Solution for Distributed Ledger Systems

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