Hyperfiltration (Reverse Osmosis)

Dresner, L.; Johnson, James S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-658702-9.50007-4

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 293 publications

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“…Theoretically, the only energy requirement is to pump the feedwater at a pressure above the osmotic pressure. In practice, higher pressures must be used, typically 50-80 atm, to have a sufficient amount of water pass through a unit area of membrane (Dresner and Johnson, 1980). With reference to Figure 8.10, the feed is pressurized by a high-pressure pump and made to flow across the membrane surface.…”

Section: Reverse Osmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Desalination Systems

Kalogirou¹

2014

Solar Energy Engineering

107

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Section: Reverse Osmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Desalination Systems

Kalogirou¹

2014

Solar Energy Engineering

107

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“…A theoretical analysis of the minimal energy requirement of some desalination processes has been described by many researchers [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The minimum isothermal reversible work of separation W, at a temperature T, which is applicable to any desalination process regardless of the separation mechanism is given by [5]:…”

Section: Minimum Energy For Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Aspects in Osmotic Processes

Semiat

Sapoznik

Hasson

2010

Desalination and Water Treatment

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ab s t r ac tWater, energy and environmental issues are on the top list of the world problems. Energy is needed for augmenting our water resources. Renewable energies are hardly the answer since innovative techniques based on biofuels and biodiesel consume an incredible amount of water. The modern desalination techniques in use consume different energy levels from different sources. Thermodynamics sets the absolute minimum limit of the work energy required to separate water from a salt solution. Unavoidable irreversibilities augment the actual energy consumption. Modern desalination techniques have succeeded in narrowing considerably the gap between actual and minimum energy levels. The implication of this small gap is that only marginal energy reductions are possible. Energy consumption of different desalination processes are reviewed. Forward osmosis is shown to be a high energy consumption process. It offers, however, advanced cost effective backwash techniques. The limitations of power generation by osmotic processes is discussed. Sidney Loeb together with Sourirajan were the pioneers that opened the door and introduced the RO process that allows us to desalinate seawater and brackish water at affordable energy consumption. Loeb continued during his last years to develop the osmotic energy machine, and even tried to develop an air condition system based on water evaporating from tubular membranes.

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“…The displaced water molecules then move by the forces of the hydraulic pressure difference through the pores of the remainder of the membrane, emerging at its other side. Several other mechanisms for explaining and modeling RO transport exist in the literature (63)(64)(65)(66)(67). It is noteworthy that RO also separates small-molecule organic solutes from the water.…”

Section: Reverse Osmosis (Ro)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology

Steyermark

1984

Microchemical Journal

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Of the surface of the earth, 71% (3.60 × 10 8 km 2) is covered by oceans; their average depth is 6 km and their volume is 8.54 × 10 8 km 3. Unfortunately, this huge quantity of water is not suitable for very many human uses. Water with over 1000 ppm (parts per million by weight, or mg/L) salt is usually considered unfit for human consumption, and water with over 500 ppm is considered undesirable, but in some parts of the world, people and land animals are forced to survive with much higher concentrations of salts, sometimes of over 2500 ppm. Freshwater with less than 500 ppm (or 0.05%) dissolved solids is generally considered to be potable. Rain is the source of freshwater, and its precipitation of >1.3 × 10 12 m 3 /d over the earth's surface averages about 1.05 m (depth) per year. Extremes range from almost zero in North Chile's desert bordering the Pacific Coast to > 25.4 m in some tropical forests and on some high slopes where the high, cold mountains condense floods from the clouds. Even rain is not pure water. Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey show that it contains 2.3-4.6 ppm of solids, or a yearly precipitation of 2.5-5 t/km 2. Recently (ca 1997), work conducted in the United States and Europe has underscored the rather dangerous results of increased use of fossil fuels, where the SO x and NO x emissions that end up in the rain lower its pH from 5.6 (slightly acidic) for uncontaminated rain, to

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Hyperfiltration (Reverse Osmosis)

Cited by 17 publications

References 293 publications

Solar Desalination Systems

Solar Desalination Systems

Energy Aspects in Osmotic Processes

Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology

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