Hypercortisolism as a Potential Concern for Submariners

Abstract

Cortisol is a stress-response hormone that is important for survivability in fight or flight situations. Hypercortisolism is a state of chronically elevated cortisol levels due to a failure to return to, or maintain baseline levels. It is a condition that is often undiagnosed and can aid in the development of many physiological and psychological health problems. Some of the health ailments associated with hypercortisolism include metabolic syndrome, decreases in bone mineral density, and depression. Chronic stress and sleep deprivation are two common causes of hypercortisolism, both areas of concern within the submarine community. This review discusses the etiology of hypercortisolism and the likelihood of submariner vulnerability to the condition along with health problems associated with it. Lastly, strategies to prevent chronic elevation of cortisol and mitigate the potential health risks associated with the condition are covered.

Resilience and well-being amongst seafarers: cross-sectional study of crew across 51 ships

“…For example, Reini (2010) asserts that submariners, by the nature of their work, may be more vulnerable to developing hypercortisolism, a state of chronically elevated cortisol levels. In relation to the environment of a ship, Oldenburg et al (2010) suggest that shipboard stress may result in isolation and fatigue, which impact the health of seafarers on board.…”

The association between submarine service and multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study of Korean naval personnel

“…Submariners are exposed to several health risk factors, such as H. pylori infection, that are related to overcrowding and extremely limited sanitary facilities, 15 increased cortisol levels related to chronic stress state and sleep deprivation, 35 and low air quality in an enclosed space. 36 These risk factors may have cumulative negative effects on submariners’ health status, which might partially explain the higher prevalence of multimorbidity in this population.…”

The gut microbiota as a target to improve health conditions in a confined environment

“…Confined environments (CEs) can gradually increase psychological stress, resulting in functional gastrointestinal disorders, depression, irritability, and other health problems ( Holmes and Simmons, 2009 ; Paul et al, 2010 ; Bell et al, 2019 ). The working conditions and environmental microorganisms in CEs can have additional effects on psychological and physical health ( Berg et al, 2005 ; Reini, 2010 ; Kimhi, 2011 ). The temperature, humidity, and gaseous composition of CEs can also affect the physiological and cognitive well-being of the staff ( Li et al, 2018 ).…”