Hypercalcemia Is a Predictor of Worse in-Hospital Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation; A 2016 National Inpatient Sample Analysis

The contribution of the perpetuation of atrial fibrillation is caused by electrical remodeling in which calcium, sodium and potassium channels could refer to changes in the ion channel protein expression, development of fibrosis, gene transcription and ion channel redistribution. Calcium and magnesium could influence the risk of atrial fibrillation which is the leading cause of cardiac death, heart failure and ischemic stroke. The elevated serum concentration of calcium had a higher range of in-patient’s mortality, increased total cost of hospitalization and increased length of hospital stay as compared to those without hypercalcemia in atrial fibrillation patients. Moreover, chloride channels could affect homeostasis, atrial myocardial metabolism which may participate in the development of atrial fibrillation. Up to a 50% risk of incidence of AF are higher in which left ventricular hypertrophy, sudden cardiovascular death and overall mortality relate to a low serum magnesium level. Additionally, magnesium prevents the occurrence of AF after cardiac surgery, whereas greater levels of serum phosphorus in the large population-based study and the related calcium–phosphorus products were linked with a greater incidence of AF. Numerous clinical studies had shown the high preoperative risk of AF that is linked with lower serum potassium levels. The conventional risk factor of increased risk of new onset of AF events could independently link with high dietary sodium intake which enhances the fibrosis and inflammation in the atrium but the mechanism remains unknown. Many drugs were used to maintain the electrolyte imbalance in AF patients.

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Excessive calcium consumption as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

Jandrić-Kočić¹,

Selmanovic²

2021

Timočki medicinski glasnik

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Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body that participates in the construction of bones and teeth, nerve impulse transmission, intracellular signaling, hormone secretion, muscle contraction, coagulation, ensuring normal heart rhythm and physiological values of blood pressure. Excessive calcium concentration, predominantly caused by improper use of supplements, predisposes to the development of cardiovascular disease. High serum calcium induces reprogramming and differentiation of smooth muscle cells into an osteoblast-like phenotype, translocation of prohypertrophic cardiomyocyte transcription factors, compromise of diastolic relaxation of the myocardium and necrosis of its contractile girdle, stimulation of coagulation reactions, stimulation of platelet aggregation, hemodynamic changes and metabolic abnormalities. Acute intoxication with calcium supplements results in an increase in blood pressure. Chronic consumption of excessive calcium concentration predisposes to atherosclerosis and calcification of blood vessels, heart attack and stroke, hypertrophy and heart failure, and heart rhythm disorders. There is a need to strengthen the response and role of the health system in informing the public about the side effects of excessive calcium consumption, limiting the widespread prescribing of supplements, as well as a possible comprehensive reassessment of the same.

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Hypercalcemia Is a Predictor of Worse in-Hospital Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation; A 2016 National Inpatient Sample Analysis

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Excessive calcium consumption as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

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