Hypercalcemia in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Abstract

In a retrospective review of 241 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, hypercalcemia was found in 62 (26%). It was detected on presentation in 48 patients and developed in 14 patients 4 to 6 weeks after the start of antituberculous chemotherapy. The mean (± SD) serum calcium level in those cases was 2.78 (± 0.137) mmol/L. The majority of cases (67.6%) had a mild rise in the calcium level that remained below 2.8 mmol/L but 35% had a level that ranged between 2.8 and 3.0 mmol/L. Only 2.4% had serum level higher than 3.0 mmol/L, which could explain the predominant absence of hypercalcemia-related symptoms. Hypercalcemia was more common in patients older than 50 years (P < 0.05), but this did not correlate with the extent of the tuberculosis shown on radiological evaluation. Spontaneous return to normocalcemia occurred in all 42 patients who underwent serial assessments of their serum calcium concentration, 6 to 8 weeks after the start of chemotherapy. Saudi Arabia is known to have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, but none of our patients were immobilized or had received vitamin D supplements or multivitamins. This supports the view that vitamin D intake does not play a major role in inducing hypercalcemia in cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis, as has been suspected.

An African male with cough, haemoptysis, weight loss and hypercalcaemia: TB or not TB?

“…Although TB is endemic in the patient9s geographical location and the clinical picture is compatible with TB (including hypercalcaemia [1]), a definite microbiological or histological proof was lacking. Granulomas without acid-fast bacilli or positive mycobacterial culture are not specific; a variety of infectious and noninfectious causes may be responsible (table 2) [2].…”