Hyperbaric exposure and morphine alter the pattern of behavior in the formalin test

Berge, Odd‐Geir; Garcia-Cabrera, Inmaculada; Furset, K

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90539-e

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, the licking behavior is likely to be influenced by drugs which either stimulate or depress locomotor activity or cause competing stereotypic behaviors (Berge et al, 1991). One approach to cope with these issues is to conduct a physiological and/or biochemical approach in parallel as aids in interpretation of these behavioral observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel automated method for measuring the effect of analgesics on formalin-evoked licking behavior in rats

Sakiyama

Sujaku

Furuta

2008

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first may be due to immediate and direct effects on sensory receptors, the second to inflammatory responses. The physiological and pathological mechanisms in these phases have also been investigated (Berge et al, 1991;Dickenson and Sullivan, 1987;Tai et al, 2006;Woolf and Walters, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel automated method for measuring the effect of analgesics on formalin-evoked licking behavior in rats

Sakiyama

Sujaku

Furuta

2008

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…One possible explanation of the discrepancy between previous studies and ours is the occurrence of flinch that may be more susceptible to prolonged amnesia after 25 min of exposure to 0.5-1.5 MAC of anaesthesia. It has been shown that single-variable measures of formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours, such as flinching or licking, are likely to be influenced by pharmacological agents which either stimulate or depress locomotor activity or cause competing stereotypic behaviours [23]. Although no residual anaesthetic effect was present during the late phase, many rats remained asleep despite full recovery from anaesthesia, as shown by painful pinch.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide or halothane, or both, fail to suppress c-fos expression in rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurones after subcutaneous formalin

Sun

Shyu

Shieh

1996

British Journal of Anaesthesia

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In rats injected s.c. with formalin, behavioural correlates of the amount and pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-Ll) (molecular responses to pain) were studied to test if early phase treatment with 75% nitrous oxide or 2% halothane, or both, suppressed subsequent spinal sensitization. Rats were allocated to four treatment groups: (1) 100% oxygen (control, n = 15), (2) 75% nitrous oxide (0.5 MAC, n = 12), (3) 2% halothane (1 MAC, n = 12), and (4) 75% nitrous oxide with 2% halothane (1.5 MAC, n = 18) for 20 min. Each rat then received a s.c. injection of 1% formalin 50 microliters into the left hindpaw and anaesthesia was maintained for another 5 min (early phase). A fifth group of rats receiving fentanyl 100 micrograms kg-1 (n = 12) 10 min before formalin injection were studied simultaneously as a positive control. Rats in all groups were killed 60 min after formalin injection and maximal counts of Fos-Ll labelled neurones in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord were compared according to laminar distribution. Formalin-induced behavioural hyperalgesia during the early phase was suppressed completely by fentanyl, 75% nitrous oxide, or 2% halothane, or both. The late phase response was attenuated by all four anaesthetic regimens within 20 min after injection, whereas behavioural scores for the nitrous oxide, halothane, or both, groups were nearly identical to the control 20 min later. Fentanyl suppressed the late phase response until 30 min after formalin injection but failed to reduce it thereafter. The numbers of Fos-Ll labelled neurones for groups given nitrous oxide, or halothane, or both, were identical to the control, whereas numbers for fentanyl were 47.2% less (P < 0.01). The decrease occurred predominantly in the neck of the dorsal horn (44.9% of control, P < 0.01) and also in the nucleus proprius and superficial laminae (54.4% and 56.2% of control, P < 0.05). In summary, we found that nitrous oxide, or halothane, or both, did not suppress subsequent spinal sensitization to noxious stimulation. This result supports the previous hypothesis that inhalation anaesthesia lacks pre-emptive analgesic action. Inhalation anaesthetic agents, unlike fentanyl, suppress the early and late phase response because of anaesthetic but not analgesic effects. Thus, we suggest that measuring the genetic product of c-fos proto-oncogene is a useful adjunct to pharmacological tests whenever behavioural hyperalgesia is questionable or unobtainable.

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Spatial and temporal aspects of spinal cord and brainstem activation in the formalin pain model

Porro¹,

Cavazzuti

1993

Progress in Neurobiology

169

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Hyperbaric exposure and morphine alter the pattern of behavior in the formalin test

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

A novel automated method for measuring the effect of analgesics on formalin-evoked licking behavior in rats

A novel automated method for measuring the effect of analgesics on formalin-evoked licking behavior in rats

Nitrous oxide or halothane, or both, fail to suppress c-fos expression in rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurones after subcutaneous formalin

Spatial and temporal aspects of spinal cord and brainstem activation in the formalin pain model

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