Hyperactivity within an extensive cortical distribution associated with excessive sensitivity in error processing in unmedicated depression: A combined event-related potential and sLORETA study

Blunted neural response to errors as a trait marker of melancholic depression

“…Specifically, whereas some studies have found a blunted ERN in clinically depressed groups or in association with symptoms of depression (Ladouceur et al, 2012; Schoenberg, 2014; Schrijvers et al, 2008; Weinberg, Meyer, et al, 2015), many others have not (Aarts et al, 2013; Chiu & Deldin, 2007; Holmes & Pizzagalli, 2008b, 2010; Tang et al, 2013; Schroder et al, 2013). It is possible that these mixed results are the result of diagnostic heterogeneity.…”

“…However, the literature on the ERN in depression is far from consistent. For instance, though several studies have demonstrated that a diagnosis of depression is associated with a blunted ERN (Ladouceur et al, 2012; Schoenberg, 2014; Schrijvers et al, 2008; Weinberg, Meyer, et al, 2015), others have demonstrated an enhanced ERN in depression (Aarts, Vanderhasselt, Otte, Baeken, & Pourtois, 2013; Chiu & Deldin, 2007; Holmes & Pizzagalli, 2008a, 2010; Tang et al, 2013). Still others have found no evidence of difference from controls (Olvet, Klein, & Hajcak, 2010; Ruchsow et al, 2006; Schrijvers et al, 2009; Weinberg, Klein, & Hajcak, 2012; Weinberg, Kotov, & Proudfit, 2015).…”

The dependability of electrophysiological measurements of performance monitoring in a clinical sample: A generalizability and decision analysis of the ERN and Pe

“…Individuals with MDD have evidenced increased ERN amplitudes relative to nondepressed controls (Aarts, Vanderhasselt, Otte, Baeken, & Pourtois, ; Chiu & Deldin, ; Georgiadi et al., ; Holmes & Pizzagalli, , ; Tang et al., ), similar ERN amplitudes compared to healthy controls (Olvet, Klein, & Hajcak, ; Ruchsow et al., , ; Schrijvers et al., , ), and smaller ERN amplitude in MDD with psychomotor slowing (Schrijvers et al., ). Some studies did not report the number of trials retained for single subject averages (Georgiadi et al., ; Ruchsow et al., , ; Schrijvers et al., , ), or reported means and averages without ranges or associated cutoffs (Chiu & Deldin, ; Holmes & Pizzagalli, , ; Tang et al., ). Further, measurement error from retaining an insufficient number of trials for a reliable signal‐to‐noise ratio may also contribute to the heterogeneity of MDD and ERN findings, although, to be clear, this is only the first study to look at dependability in individuals with depression, so the low dependability may be specific to this sample/study.…”

Improving the study of error monitoring with consideration of behavioral performance measures

“…This point is relevant for two recent studies of the error-related negativity (ERN), an ERP index of early error monitoring processes localized to the ACC (Falkenstein et al, 1991; Gehring et al, 1993, 2012). One study found that individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) showed enlarged ERN compared to healthy controls (Tang et al, 2013), but also found that the MDD group responded significantly more slowly and committed fewer errors ( p = 0.06). The authors acknowledged they could not disentangle the ERN findings from the likely influence of psychomotor retardation, a common symptom of depression in which responses are slower (and perhaps more careful).…”