Hyper-Crosslinked Porous Organic Nanomaterials: Structure-Oriented Design and Catalytic Applications

Abstract

Hyper-crosslinked porous organic nanomaterials, especially the hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), are a unique class of materials that combine the benefits of high surface area, porous structure, and good chemical and thermal stability all rolled into one. A wide range of synthetic methods offer an enormous variety of HCPs with different pore structures and morphologies, which has allowed HCPs to be developed for gas adsorption and separations, chemical adsorption and encapsulation, and heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we present a systematic review of recent approaches to pore size modulation and morphological tailoring of HCPs and their applications to catalysis. We mainly compare the effects of pore size modulation and morphological tailoring on catalytic applications, aiming to pave the way for researchers to develop HCPs with an optimal performance for modern applications.

Studies on the Removal of Malachite Green from Its Aqueous Solution Using Water-Insoluble β-Cyclodextrin Polymers

“…SEM photographs qualitatively confirm the porosity of the adsorbents. 41 − 43 Moreover, the literature strongly suggests that the cross-linking agents enhance the mechanical properties such as strength, elongation at break, and toughness of the adsorbents. 44 − 46 However, quantitative measurements need to be performed to measure the actual porosity and hardness of the functionalized materials, which is beyond the scope of the current work to remediate the aqueous solutions.…”

Application of chiral recyclable catalysts in asymmetric catalysis

“…The synthesis conditions significantly influence the structure, pore size, and specific surface area of HCP material, posing challenges in their deliberate design and control. 92 Moreover, the reaction conditions necessitate the involvement of potent Lewis acids, thereby restricting the incorporation of specific functional groups. The network structure characterized by a shallow cross-linking degree exhibits the ability to undergo softening upon exposure to heat, without undergoing complete melting.…”

An Overview of Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene for the Synthesis and Transformation of Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass

“…One of the promising areas for practical use of porous organic polymers, including hypercrosslinked polystyrenes, is heterogeneous catalytic systems [73]. The large pore volume, large specific surface area, wide possibilities for functionalization, and the ability to control the particle size of the active phase are responsible for the rapid growth in the number of reports on the synthesis of polymer-based catalysts, as evidenced by recent publications [74][75][76][77]. Different catalytic systems based on porous polymers have been reported, like sulfonated solid acid catalysts for hydrolysis, dehydration, and esterification processes [78][79][80][81], systems for photocatalysis [82,83], hydrogenation [84], and many others.…”