Date palm (Phoenix dactylefera L.) fibers, which are natural wastes, have been recovered and exploited in the synthesis of composite materials by mixing them with two different polymers: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS). The four samples were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption rate (W) measurements, thermal conductivity (λ), and mechanics (tensile stress and stretching at break) testing. The results proved that: (i) At 40°C, the composites absorption rate was higher than at the room temperature. While this rate was better for the composites with non-alkali-treated fibers; (ii) to obtain a thermally insulating composite, polystyrene polymer should be added to the matrix and the alkaline treatment of the used vegetable fibers should be required. (iii) Composites made of non-alkali treated fibers have a high stretching at break values while composites made of alkali-treated fibers have a high tensile stress value.