Hydroxychloroquine use in the COVID-19 patient

Littlejohn, Emily

doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc011

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…(2020) ( Boulware et al., 2020 ; Das et al., 2020 ; Cortegiani et al., 2020 ; Gao et al., 2020 ; Gautret et al., 2020 ), its use was endorsed among a number of governments and medical societies ( Bokpe, 2020 ; Channnel News Asia, 2020 ; East African, 2020 ; Rich, 2020 ; Sciama, 2020 ; Tilangi et al., 2020 ). However, the lack of a comparator arm in the initial studies has been heavily criticised coupled with concerns with side-effects including cardiac side-effects with hydroxychloroquine ( International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2020 ; Gautret et al., 2020 ; ISAC/ Elsevier, 2020 ; Borba et al., 2020 ; Ferner and Aronson, 2020 ; Littlejohn, 2020 ) as well as reports of fatal overdoses ( Abena et al., 2020 ; Das et al., 2020 ; GuruGamer, 2020 ; Nga et al., 2020 ; Politi, 2020 ). Recent studies have failed to demonstrate any clinical benefit for both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 ( Boulware et al., 2020 ; Geleris et al., 2020 ; Recovery Trial, 2020a ; Rosenberg et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

Ogunleye

Basu

Mueller³

et al. 2020

Front. Pharmacol.

162

194

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed considerable lives. There are major concerns in Africa due to existing high prevalence rates for both infectious and non-infectious diseases and limited resources in terms of personnel, beds and equipment. Alongside this, concerns that lockdown and other measures will have on prevention and management of other infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are an increasing issue with rising morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that a lack of nets and treatment could result in up to 18 million additional cases of malaria and up to 30,000 additional deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: Document current prevalence and mortality rates from COVID-19 alongside economic and other measures to reduce its spread and impact across Africa. In addition, suggested ways forward among all key stakeholder groups. Our Approach: Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet-based publications coupled with input from senior-level personnel. Ongoing Activities: Prevalence and mortality rates are currently lower in Africa than among several Western countries and the USA. This could be due to a number of factors including early instigation of lockdown and border closures, the younger age of the population, lack of robust reporting systems and as yet unidentified genetic and other factors. Innovation is accelerating to address concerns with available equipment. There are ongoing steps to address the level of misinformation and its consequences including fines. There are also ongoing initiatives across Africa to start addressing the unintended consequences of COVID-19 activities including lockdown measures and their impact on Ogunleye et al. COVID-19 in Africa NCDs including the likely rise in mental health disorders, exacerbated by increasing stigma associated with COVID-19. Strategies include extending prescription lengths, telemedicine and encouraging vaccination. However, these need to be accelerated to prevent increased morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: There are multiple activities across Africa to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and address misinformation, which can have catastrophic consequences, assisted by the WHO and others, which appear to be working in a number of countries. Research is ongoing to clarify the unintended consequences given ongoing concerns to guide future activities. Countries are learning from each other.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

Ogunleye

Basu

Mueller³

et al. 2020

Front. Pharmacol.

162

194

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“…We are aware that there are several systematic and other reviews published already. 31 , 33–35 , 37 , 46 , 70–84 However, we intended to build on this and analyze the most recent published papers to summarize some evidence-based therapeutic options for COVID-19 infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Options for COVID-19: Clinical Evidence of Drug Efficacy and Implications

Abubakar¹,

Sani²,

Godman³

et al. 2020

IDR

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“…These include respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, neurologic and integumentary manifestations ( Adhikari et al, 2020 ; Recalcati, 2020 ). Some of these are severe and life-threatening such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney failure, stroke, arrythmias and heart failure ( Adhikari et al, 2020 ; Bangalore et al, 2020 ; Cheng J. et al, 2020 ; Guan et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Recalcati, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They include gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain), along with cutaneous manifestations, and CNS symptoms (headache, dizziness, tinnitus and sleep disturbances) that are less frequently encountered (Rynes, 1997;Lee et al, 2011;Al-Bari, 2015;Littlejohn, 2020;Schrezenmeier and Dörner, 2020). Retinopathy is considered the most feared side effect of HCQ; yet, it is a rare manifestation that occurs mainly with prolonged use of high dosage therapy (Rynes, 1997;Wolfe and Marmor, 2010;Lee et al, 2011;Al-Bari, 2015;Littlejohn, 2020;Schrezenmeier and Dörner, 2020). Nevertheless, long-term monitoring and surveillance, and tight dosage regulation are associated with a reduced incidence of HCQ-induced retinopathy (Abdulaziz et al, 2018;Jorge et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 Patients: Pros and Cons

et al. 2020

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The pandemic of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has recently overwhelmed medical centers and paralyzed economies. The unparalleled public distress caused by this pandemic mandated an urgent quest for an effective approach to manage or treat this disease. Due to their well-established anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory properties, quinine derivatives have been sought as potential therapies for COVID-19. Indeed, these molecules were originally employed in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, and later in the management of various autoimmune rheumatic and dermatologic diseases. Initially, some promising results for the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treating COVID-19 patients were reported by a few in vitro and in vivo studies. However, current evidence is not yet sufficiently solid to warrant its use as a therapy for this disease. Additionally, the therapeutic effects of HCQ are not without many side effects, which range from mild gastrointestinal effects to life-threatening cardiovascular and neurological effects. In this review, we explore the controversy associated with the repurposing of HCQ to manage or treat COVID-19, and we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of HCQ.

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Hydroxychloroquine use in the COVID-19 patient

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Options for COVID-19: Clinical Evidence of Drug Efficacy and Implications

Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 Patients: Pros and Cons

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