Hydroxyapatite–-Past, Present, and Future in Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an essential element required for bone regeneration. Different forms of HA have been used for a long time. The essence of bone regeneration always revolves around the healthy underlying bone or it may be the surroundings that give enough strength. HA is well known for bone regeneration through conduction or by acting as a scaffold for filling of defects from ancient times, but emerging trends of osteoinductive property of HA are much promising for new bone regeneration. Emerging technology has made the dreams of clinicians to realize the use of HA in different forms for various regenerative purposes both in vivo and in vitro. The nanostructured calcium apatite plays an important role in the construction of calcified tissues. The nanostructured material has the ability to attach biological molecules such as proteins, which can be used as functional materials in many aspects, and the capability of synthesizing controlled structures of apatite to simulate the basic structure of bone and other calcified tissues. The process of regeneration requires a biomimetic and biocompatible nanostructured novel material. The nanostructured bioceramic particles are of interest in synthetic bone grafts and bone cements both injectable and controlled setting, so that such composites will reinforce the strength of bioceramics. Extensive research is being carried out for bone regeneration using nanotechnology. Artificial bone formation is not far from now. Nanotechnology has made many dreams come true. This paper gives comprehensive insights into the history and evolution with changing trends in the use of HA for various regenerative purposes.

Biomass as a sustainable resource for value‐added modern materials: a review

“…The direct use of substrate may cause undesirable reactions and ill effects on the body 99. So, plasma spraying method is most widely used for coating on metallic implant devices of HA developed from wastes 100. The dissolution rate of HA coating is also correlated with the biochemical calcium phosphate (CaP) phase of the coating; more crystalline HA will be more resistant to dissolution in the human body.…”

Polysaccharide-Based Systems for Targeted Stem Cell Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

“…Ceramics often consist of calcium phosphates (such as hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), tricalcium phosphates (TCP, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 )) or bioactive glasses. They are biocompatible, can support cell adhesion and differentiation, but are brittle and may have a slow degradation rate [59][60][61]. Hybrid materials comprised of both, polymers and ceramics, combine their advantages, resulting in biocompatible, cell supporting systems that have reasonable mechanical properties.…”

Tissue engineering in mandibular reconstruction: osteogenesis-inducing scaffolds

“…However, it is the nanoscopic structure of bone that yields its mechanical, biological and chemical properties, and this heterogenous structure is importantly irregular and anisotropic [46,47] . The ECM of bone is comprised of 60% mineral [hydroxyapatite (HA)] and 30% organic matrix [48] . The organic components give bone tissue its flexibility, and mainly consist of collagen (type I collagen, type III and type IV collagen), and together with fibrin and over 200 types of noncollagenous matrix proteins (glycoproteins, proteoglycans, sialoproteins, etc.…”

“…The organic components give bone tissue its flexibility, and mainly consist of collagen (type I collagen, type III and type IV collagen), and together with fibrin and over 200 types of noncollagenous matrix proteins (glycoproteins, proteoglycans, sialoproteins, etc. ), collagen forms the native scaffold for mineral deposition [15,48] . These HA Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 .…”