Hydroxyapatite bioactivated bacterial cellulose promotes osteoblast growth and the formation of bone nodules

Abstract

The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of bacterial cellulose (BC) scaffold to support osteoblast growth and bone formation. BC was produced by culturing Acetobacter xylinum supplemented with hydroxyapatite (HA) to form BC membranes (without HA) and BC/HA membranes. Membranes were subjected to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to determine surface element composition. The membranes were further used to evaluate osteoblast growth, alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation. BC was free of calcium and phosphate. However, XPS analysis revealed the presence of both calcium (10%) and phosphate (10%) at the surface of the BC/HA membrane. Osteoblast culture showed that BC alone was non-toxic and could sustain osteoblast adhesion. Furthermore, osteoblast adhesion and growth were significantly (p ≤0.05) increased on BC/HA membranes as compared to BC alone. Both BC and BC/HA membranes improved osteoconductivity, as confirmed by the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity that increased from 2.5 mM with BC alone to 5.3 mM with BC/HA. BC/HA membranes also showed greater nodule formation and mineralization than the BC membrane alone. This was confirmed by Alizarin red staining (ARS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). This work demonstrates that both BC and BC/HA may be useful in bone tissue engineering.

Scaffolds and tissue regeneration: An overview of the functional properties of selected organic tissues

“…67,72 The wide variety of biomaterials used in fabricating scaffolds for bone regeneration are selected on the basis of their osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, biocompatibility, and ability to provide mechanical stability that directly affects vascularization, angiogenesis, and bone regeneration. 73 Fan et al 74 detected, after 12 weeks, the in vitro regeneration of bone tissue using a scaffold of polycaprolactone/gelatin seeded with cells obtained from the adipose tissue of rats.…”

Cellulose Nanocrystals as Advanced "Green" Materials for Biological and Biomedical Engineering

“…In vitro study of cellulose-based porous 3D scaffolds, with mechanical properties in the mid-range of human trabecular bone, promoted positive proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts (Kumbar et al, 2011). Hydroxyapatite CNC membranes have also been seen to accelerate new bone formation at the defected sites in rat tibiae, whereas goat bone apatite and CNC composite stimulated bone cell differentiation and proliferation (Tazi et al, 2012;Fan et al, 2013). An encouraging step towards conceptualization of CNCs in tissue engineering was observed wherein the myoblasts cells were able to recognize the CNC topography to position itself along the CNC bulk direction and fuse to form highly oriented multinuclear myotubes.…”

In vitro and in vivo studies of a novel bacterial cellulose-based acellular bilayer nanocomposite scaffold for the repair of osteochondral defects

“…[15][16][17][18] Independent in vitro and in vivo studies have also been carried out to explore the osteogenic potential of BC and BC-hydroxyapatite (BC-HA) nanocomposites. [19][20][21][22] The studies are indicative of the potential of BC as a biomaterial for the treatment of OCD.…”