Hydroxyapatite-based materials of marine origin: A bioactivity and sintering study

Abstract

Single phase hydroxyapatite (HAp) and biphasic material hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate (HAp/β-TCP) were obtained from a marine source (Atlantic cod fish bones). Here we report a study on the biological properties of these materials, including cytotoxicity, bioactivity and haemocompatibility. Results showed that the materials are not cytotoxic, neither in their powder nor in pellet form; indeed growth of Saos-2 cells was comparable to that of commercial. The haemolysis rate was lower than 2%; hence the materials can be classified as non-haemolytic. Moreover, when immersed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), crystal formation was observed on the surface of both materials. The sintering behaviour of the samples was also studied; both powders showed very high sinterability (density higher than 95% of the theoretical value). Overall, these results confirm the suitability of these materials for biomedical applications.

Luminescent calcium phosphate bioceramics doped with europium derived from fish industry byproducts

“…Samples treated at 700°C and at 1100°C having the lowest and highest content of Eu, were selected for this study; for comparison samples without Eu prepared with the same protocol (i.e., extracted from codfish bones thermally treated at the same temperatures but without Eu incorporation) were assessed as well. This was done to assess whether the presence of Eu affected the cell viability of these CaP phases, whose biocompatibility was already proven . In detail, 24 hours after cells seeding, the selected powders (i.e., A, B, Eu1, Eu2, Eu7, and Eu8) were added to the culture medium.…”

“…The bones of codfish, which is one of the most popular and traditional fish species consumed around the world, were also investigated to recover CaP based compounds . Recent studies have demonstrated that CaP phases in the form of pure HAp or HAp/β‐TCP biphasic material, with biocompatibility comparable to that of commercial samples, can be easily extracted from codfish bones by a simple calcination process …”

Synthesis and bioactivity assessment of high silica content quaternary glasses withCa:Pratios of 1.5 and 1.67, made by a rapid sol‐gel process

“…Although, as we noted above, many bioactivity tests for the growth of HAp in SBF in similar bioglasses do not actually present hard evidence of crystallization of HAp through XRD or SEM images, one of the authors has published an article previously on the crystallization and growth of HAp in SBF on sintered pellets of HAp derived from marine wastes . These showed a clear growth of HAp between 3 and 7 days, much less than the 2–4 weeks required with these materials, although it also must be stressed that these were pure HAp ceramics, which were themselves highly crystalline after being sintered at 700°C.…”

Research progress on applications of calcium derived from marine organisms

“…The acid-insoluble calcium silicate hydrates synthesized from oyster shells were also applicable in removing organic pollutants and heavy metal ions 90 . Single-phase hydroxyapatite (HA) and biphasic calcium phosphate (HA/β-TCP), which are derived from Atlantic cod bones, have no known cytotoxic effects and have demonstrated good bioactivity in simulated body fluid 91 . Consequently, calcium phosphate derived from marine organisms has a promising future in fabricating bacterial infection-resistant bone substitutes or bone defect healing.…”