??-hydroxy-??-methylbutyrate ingestion, Part I: effects on strength and fat free mass

Gallagher, Philip M.; Carrithers, John A.; Godard, Michael P.; Schulze, K. E.; Trappe, Scott

doi:10.1097/00005768-200012000-00022

Cited by 149 publications

(134 citation statements)

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“…The HMB and COMB ϩ PRED interventions tended to have lower creatine kinase levels than PLTR. Using a one-tailed analysis (with the a priori hypothesis that HMB would reduce CK 12,21,31,32,33 ), the values were significant (P Ͻ 0.05; Fig. 4A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although the rotarod performance appeared superior for the WT at the younger age group (5-6 weeks), it was not statistically significant, likely due to the large variance in the mdx performance. By the end of the experiment (weeks [11][12], the only groups that were not performing worse than the WT were the COMB and COMB ϩ PRED mdx mice. Although the PLTR group showed a greater than 50% decline over time and the COMB and COMB ϩ PRED groups either increased (COMB) or did not change over time (COMB ϩ PRED), only the COMB was superior to the PLTR group at the end of the experiment (weeks [11][12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The safety of each of the four compounds used in this study has been previously assessed in humans. 1,5,12,13,29,32,38,47,49 Consequently, we did not make extensive measurements of safety. However, we did monitor animal body weight, body condition, and eating behavior daily throughout the intervention, and organs were inspected by a pathologist for gross morphological abnormalities at the time of sacrifice.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Beta-hydroxy-␤-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite that enhances strength and muscle mass gains induced by strength exercise. 12,33,50 HMB, in combination with arginine and glutamine, reversed muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia 29 and HIV-wasting syndrome. 6 HMB also reduced creatine kinase activity following various types of exercise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…6 HMB also reduced creatine kinase activity following various types of exercise. 12,32,33 Other than CrM, none of these compounds have been tested in the mdx mouse or patients with DMD. Consequently, we assessed the therapeutic benefit of CrM, CLA, ␣-LA, and HMB, in isolation and in combination in the chronically exercised mdx mouse to determine whether these compounds are effective on their own or have synergistic benefits.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nutritional therapy improves function and complements corticosteroid intervention in mdx mice

et al. 2005

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Corticosteroid therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is effective but associated with long-term side effects. To determine the potential therapeutic benefit from four nutritional compounds (creatine monohydrate, conjugated linoleic acid, ␣-lipoic acid, and ␤-hydroxy-␤-methylbutyrate) alone, in combination, and with corticosteroids (prednisolone), we evaluated the effects on several variables in exercising mdx mice. Outcome measures included grip strength, rotarod performance, serum creatine kinase levels, muscle metabolites, internalized myonuclei, and retroperitoneal fat pad weight. In isolation, each nutritional treatment showed some benefit, with the combination therapy showing the most consistent benefits. Prednisolone and the combination therapy together provided the most consistent evidence of efficacy; increased peak grip strength (P Ͻ 0.05), decreased grip strength fatigue (P Ͻ 0.05), decreased number of internalized myonuclei (P Ͻ 0.01), and smaller retroperitoneal fat pad stores (P Ͻ 0.001). This study provided evidence for therapeutic benefit from a four-compound combination therapy alone, and in conjunction with corticosteroids in the mdx model of DMD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

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Nutritional therapy improves function and complements corticosteroid intervention in mdx mice

et al. 2005

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Testosterone and cortisol responses to ß‐hydroxy ß‐methylbutryate consumption and exercise: A meta‐analysis

Zhao

Mohammad

2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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Background β‐hydroxy β‐methylbutryate (HMB) is a metabolite of leucine amino acid and it has several ergogenic benefits. Previous studies also showed that it may affect beneficially the testosterone and cortisol concentration in athletes. Due to the contradiction results between studies, we aimed to conduct this meta‐analysis to assess the HMB supplementation effect on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes. Methods Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar were systematically searched up to August 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool for evaluating the risk of bias was applied for assessing the studies' quality. Random‐effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for estimating the overall effect. Between‐study heterogeneity was evaluated applying the chi‐squared and I2 statistic. Results Seven articles were included in the meta‐analysis. Although the meta‐analysis generally showed that HMB consumption did not have any effect on the cortisol and testosterone concentration (p > .05), subgroup analysis based on the exercise type showed a significant decrease in the cortisol concentration in resistance training exercises (WMD = −3.30; 95% CI: −5.50, −1.10; p = .003) and a significant increase in the testosterone concentration in aerobic and anaerobic combined sports (WMD = 1.56; 95% CI: 0.07, 3.05; p = .040). Conclusion The results indicate that HMB supplementation in athletes can reduce the concentration of cortisol in resistance exercises and increase the concentration of testosterone in aerobic and anaerobic combined exercises. Nevertheless, more studies are required to confirm these results.

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Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle‐wasting conditions

Holeček

2017

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

190

154

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Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine that has been reported to have anabolic effects on protein metabolism. The aims of this article were to summarize the results of studies of the effects of HMB on skeletal muscle and to examine the evidence for the rationale to use HMB as a nutritional supplement to exert beneficial effects on muscle mass and function in various conditions of health and disease.The data presented here indicate that the beneficial effects of HMB have been well characterized in strength‐power and endurance exercise. HMB attenuates exercise‐induced muscle damage and enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength, aerobic performance, resistance to fatigue, and regenerative capacity. HMB is particularly effective in untrained individuals who are exposed to strenuous exercise and in trained individuals who are exposed to periods of high physical stress. The low effectiveness of HMB in strength‐trained athletes could be due to the suppression of the proteolysis that is induced by the adaptation to training, which may blunt the effects of HMB. Studies performed with older people have demonstrated that HMB can attenuate the development of sarcopenia in elderly subjects and that the optimal effects of HMB on muscle growth and strength occur when it is combined with exercise. Studies performed under in vitro conditions and in various animal models suggest that HMB may be effective in treatment of muscle wasting in various forms of cachexia. However, there are few clinical reports of the effects of HMB on muscle wasting in cachexia; in addition, most of these studies evaluated the therapeutic potential of combinations of various agents. Therefore, it has not been possible to determine whether HMB was effective or if there was a synergistic effect. Although most of the endogenous HMB is produced in the liver, there are no reports regarding the levels and the effects of HMB supplementation in subjects with liver disease. Several studies have suggested that anabolic effects of HMB supplementation on skeletal muscle do not occur in healthy, non‐exercising subjects.It is concluded that (i) HMB may be applied to enhance increases in the mass and strength of skeletal muscles in subjects who exercise and in the elderly and (ii) studies examining the effects of HMB administered alone are needed to obtain conclusions regarding the specific effectiveness in attenuating muscle wasting in various muscle‐wasting disorders.

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??-hydroxy-??-methylbutyrate ingestion, Part I: effects on strength and fat free mass

Cited by 149 publications

References 15 publications

Nutritional therapy improves function and complements corticosteroid intervention in mdx mice

Nutritional therapy improves function and complements corticosteroid intervention in mdx mice

Testosterone and cortisol responses to ß‐hydroxy ß‐methylbutryate consumption and exercise: A meta‐analysis

Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle‐wasting conditions

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