Hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of water at sub-critical, near-critical and supercritical conditions

Al‐Muntaser, Ameen A.; Varfolomeev, Mikhail A.; Suwaid, Muneer A.; Yuan, Chengdong; Chemodanov, A. E.; Feoktistov, Dmitriy A.; Rakhmatullin, Ilfat Z.; Abbas, Mustafa; Domínguez‐Álvarez, Enrique; Akhmadiyarov, Aydar A.; Клочков, В. В.; Amerkhanov, Marat

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106592

Cited by 73 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…121 With increasing temperature, thermal cracking reactions such as the bond scission of the side chains of the chemicals in the CBO are intensified, transforming a part of the CBO in gas and coke. 128 The energy content of the UBO increased with temperature as a result of the decrease in oxygen and sulfur contents. In subcritical conditions, coke formation from the free radicals' condensation or recombination reactions led to higher viscosity of the UBO (as depicted on Figure 8).…”

Section: Hydrothermal Upgrading Of Algal Htl Cbomentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algal Biomass and Hydrothermal Upgrading of the Subsequent Crude Bio-Oil: A Mini Review

et al. 2020

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Algae biomass has recently attracted the attention of the green energy industry as a raw material for biofuels production. Their high-water content has led to the choice of hydrothermal liquefaction as a suitable way to convert them into biooil. From algae species to bio-oil as fuel, many steps are required, including the selection of algae species and process parameters (including catalysts), the liquefaction process, product separation, recovery of crude bio-oil, and subsequent upgrading (if the goal is to use the bio-oil as transportation fuel). This review gives some biochemical, elemental, and inorganic compositions of algae. The reaction mechanism of hydrothermal liquefaction is briefly described, with an emphasis on the influence of process parameters on the yield and quality of the crude bio-oil. The use of organic solvents as reaction media or for recovery of crude bio-oil from product mixtures is discussed. The research work on the catalytic hydrothermal upgrading of algae liquefied crude bio-oil in recent years is reviewed, and some conclusions are put forward. According to recent reports, there is a section devoted to the techno-economic analysis of the hydrothermal liquefaction process. Finally, the challenges that future research and new development strategies may face are proposed.

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Section: Hydrothermal Upgrading Of Algal Htl Cbomentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algal Biomass and Hydrothermal Upgrading of the Subsequent Crude Bio-Oil: A Mini Review

et al. 2020

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“…Mandal et al reported the treatment of asphaltenes in sub-CW, which also emphasized the decomposition of asphaltenes in the ionic mechanism . Amin et al reported hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of water under subcritical, near critical, and supercritical conditions, recommending that sub-CW is suitable for reducing viscosity and removing a small amount of heteroatoms …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Amin et al reported hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of water under subcritical, near critical, and supercritical conditions, recommending that sub-CW is suitable for reducing viscosity and removing a small amount of heteroatoms. 20 It is worth noting that previous studies on heavy oil visbreaking in sub-CW environments often require several hours to achieve effective viscosity reduction. 18 One of the important reasons is that the phase equilibrium between heavy oil and sub-CW is characterized by the solubilization of sub-CW into heavy oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visbreaking of Heavy Oil in a Mixed Solvent of Subcritical Water and Light Aromatics

Ling

Zhu

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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To achieve high-efficiency viscosity reduction in a mild hydrothermal environment, the visbreaking of heavy oil in a mixed solvent of subcritical water (sub-CW) and light aromatics was investigated. By solubilizing sub-CW in heavy oil, the dealkylation involved in visbreaking follows not only a free radical mechanism but also an ionic mechanism. The further introduction of light cycle oil rich in light aromatics but containing olefin groups has a complicated influence on visbreaking. Because of the presence of olefin groups, the viscosity reduction efficiency is initially reduced. In addition, the condensation to asphaltenes is promoted in the late visbreaking stage. However, these adverse effects are offset by the promotion of the solubilization of sub-CW in heavy oil by light aromatics. With enhanced dealkylation in both free radical and ionic mechanisms, a viscosity reduction rate of over 90% and reduced asphaltene formation can be obtained in the middle stage of visbreaking.

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“…Heavy oil and bitumen account for approximately 60–70% of total proved oil reserves all over the world. 1 The highly efficient development of heavy oils has a great significance for meeting the increasing demand for energy. However, unlike conventional light oil, the development of these heavy reserves is more difficult and requires special recovery methods (mainly thermal methods) due to its high viscosity and low American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, unlike conventional light oil, the development of these heavy reserves is more difficult and requires special recovery methods (mainly thermal methods) due to its high viscosity and low American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. 1 Steam injection is the most widely used technique for heavy oil production. 2 − 4 In situ oil upgrading by the aquathermolysis reaction to reduce oil viscosity is among the main mechanisms in a steam injection process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Insights into the Catalytic Effect of Transition-Metal Ions on the Aquathermal Degradation of Sulfur-Containing Heavy Oil: A DFT Study of Cyclohexyl Phenyl Sulfide Cleavage

et al. 2020

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Steam injection is the most widely used technique for effectively reducing the viscosity of heavy oil in heavy oil production, in which in situ upgrading of heavy oil by aquathermolysis plays an important role. Earlier, transition-metal catalysts have been used for improving the efficiency of steam injection by catalytic aquathermolysis and achieving a higher degree of in situ oil upgrading. However, the unclear mechanism of aquathermolysis makes it difficult to choose efficient catalysts for different types of heavy oil. This theoretical study is aimed at deeply understanding the mechanism of in situ upgrading of sulfur-containing heavy oil and its catalysis. For this purpose, cyclohexyl phenyl sulfide (CPS) is selected as a model compound of sulfur-containing oil components, and, for the first time, a catalytic effect of transition metals on the thermochemistry and kinetics of its aquathermolysis is investigated by the density functional theory (DFT) methods with the use of the Becke three-parameter Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP), ωB97X-D, and M06-2X functionals. Calculation results show that the hydrolysis of CPS is characterized by fairly high energy barriers in comparison with other possible reaction routes leading to the cleavage of C–S bonds, while the heterolysis of C–S bonds in the presence of protons has a substantially lower kinetic barrier. According to the theoretical analysis, transition-metal ions significantly reduce the kinetic barrier of heterolysis. The Cu 2+ ion outperforms the other investigated metal ions and the hydrogen ion in the calculated rate constant by 5–6 (depending on the metal) and 7 orders of magnitude, respectively. The catalytic activity of the investigated transition-metal ions is arranged in the following sequence, depending on the used DFT functional: Cu 2+ ≫ Co 2+ ≈ Ni 2+ > Fe 2+ . It is theoretically confirmed that transition-metal ions, especially Cu 2+ , can serve as effective catalysts in aquathermolysis reactions. The proposed quantum-chemical approach for studying the catalytic aquathermolysis provides a new supplementary theoretical tool that can be used in the development of catalysts for different chemical transformations of heavy oil components in reservoirs due to hydrothermal treatment.

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Hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of water at sub-critical, near-critical and supercritical conditions

Cited by 73 publications

References 47 publications

Progress in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algal Biomass and Hydrothermal Upgrading of the Subsequent Crude Bio-Oil: A Mini Review

Progress in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algal Biomass and Hydrothermal Upgrading of the Subsequent Crude Bio-Oil: A Mini Review

Visbreaking of Heavy Oil in a Mixed Solvent of Subcritical Water and Light Aromatics

Theoretical Insights into the Catalytic Effect of Transition-Metal Ions on the Aquathermal Degradation of Sulfur-Containing Heavy Oil: A DFT Study of Cyclohexyl Phenyl Sulfide Cleavage

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