Hydrothermal Treatment of Vegetable Oils and Fats Aiming at Yielding Hydrocarbons: A Review

Abstract

According to the International Air Transport Agency (IATA), the aviation industry causes 2% of GHG emissions. As a result, goals such as improving aircraft efficiency by 1.5% per year and achieving carbon-neutral growth by 2020 were established. In this circumstance, fuels produced from biomass seem to be a promising route. There are many routes available to convert biomass into renewable fuels such as pyrolysis, hydroprocessing, transesterification, hydrothermal processes, and steam reforming. In this study, one reports a review of hydrothermal technologies. This review reports recent information about hydrothermal processes using water in sub- and supercritical states. This article introduces some concepts of the hydrothermal processes, advantages, and different types of feedstock adopted. The parameters which have an influence on hydrothermal processes such as temperature, pressure, particle size, catalyst, biomass/water ratio, and reaction time are illuminated. Water characteristics in sub- and supercritical conditions are discussed as a highly reactive medium to increase the affinity for the extraction of value-added compounds. Additionally, this review splits and details the reaction schemes that take place under hydrothermal conditions. Finally, it introduces recent research and development (R&D) trends in the hydrothermal process of fatty acids and triglycerides.

Greening the Synthesis of Biorenewable Fuels and Chemicals by Stoichiometric Reagentless Organic Transformations

“…Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose, can be depolymerized into glucosamine and N -acetylglucosamine. , Biomass-derived proteins can be hydrolyzed into the constituent amino acids by acid hydrolysis . Triglycerides (TGs) obtained from the oil-bearing biomass can be hydrolyzed in subcritical water or under acid catalysis into free fatty acid (FAA) and glycerol (GLY), which are then used separately or in unison for various value addition pathways. , Appropriate reaction conditions and a suitable catalyst promote aqueous phase reforming, decarboxylation, hydrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation reactions producing H 2 and hydrocarbons …”

Process Water Recirculation During Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Promising Process Step Towards the Production of Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Materials

“…The Keto-Enol Tautomerism is also the way to form fructose from glucose, therefore the same compounds could be formed from glucose. However, another source of hydroxyacetone might also be lipids such as triglycerides, which were hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids [31]. The oxidation of glycerol resulted in hydroxyacetone.…”

“…These nitrogen containing compounds can be found in solution, or via polymerization in the solid phase [30], termed nitrogen doped carbonaceous material here. Lipids could be hydrolysed, while the resulting fatty acids may decarboxylate rather than degraded below 300 °C [31]. Finally, they condensate and form an oily phase of the solid product.…”