Hydrothermal synthesis of nano spheroid‐like ZnMn₂O₄ materials as high‐performance anodes for lithium‐ion batteries

Abstract

Spent zinc-manganese batteries contain valuable elements, especially Zn and Mn, and recycling these metal elements can realize the sustainable development of resources. In this paper, a novel process of preparing ZnMn 2 O 4 as anode material for lithium-ion batteries from the spent zinc-manganese battery is present. Nano ZnMn 2 O 4 is synthesized by the low-temperature hydrothermal method, and the formation mechanism is discussed. The structure, morphology, and composition of the products are characterized by XRD and SEM. The result shows that ZnMn 2 O 4 with a crystal size of about 50 nm is prepared under the conditions of T = 200 C, pH = 7, reaction time t = 3 days, and n(Zn: Mn) = 0.966:2, which have the advantages of good crystallinity and high purity. The nanocrystallization and spheroid-like structure of ZnMn 2 O 4 determine that the battery assembled with ZnMn 2 O 4 has a high initial discharge capacity, and the initial discharge specific capacity reaches 902.5 mAh g À1 at 0.1 A g À1 . This study shows that the nano ZnMn 2 O 4 synthesized by the hydrothermal method is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Stabilization of ZnMn2O4 Nanoparticle Electrodes by Electrolyte Modulations and Improved Li-Ion Storage

“…13−15 The lower working voltage is also considered to be another advantage of ZnMn 2 O 4 when compared with cobalt-and oxide-based compounds. 16,17 However, ZMO when applied as an anode for lithium-ion batteries has huge volume changes (expansion of ∼200%) and poor kinetics during the repeated charge−discharge process. 9,18 In order to tackle the issues, researchers have developed several strategies including, nanostructuring, 19 carbon coating, 20 compositing, 10 and more.…”

“…Environmental friendliness as well as low cost are other advantages of ZMO. The spinel structure of ZMO is bivalent, where the divalent Zn ion is at the tetrahedral site, and the Mn ion which is trivalent occupies the octahedral sites. − The lower working voltage is also considered to be another advantage of ZnMn 2 O 4 when compared with cobalt- and oxide-based compounds. , However, ZMO when applied as an anode for lithium-ion batteries has huge volume changes (expansion of ∼200%) and poor kinetics during the repeated charge–discharge process. , In order to tackle the issues, researchers have developed several strategies including, nanostructuring, carbon coating, compositing, and more. Kim et al reported the electrochemical performance of one-dimensional ZnMn 2 O 4 nanowires with a length of 500 nm and width of 15 nm.…”

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Al‐F co‐doped spinel LiMn 2 O 4 single‐crystal material for lithium‐ion battery

“…Lithium‐ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and other fields because of their high energy density, good cycle stability, and long service life 1‐5 . The cathode materials of lithium‐ion batteries play a vital role in their charge‐discharge specific capacity and voltage 6‐9 . Nowadays, commercial cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries mainly include LiCoO 2 , LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 , LiFePO 4 , and LiMn 2 O 4 10‐12 .…”

Controllable synthesis of polystyrene microspheres used as template and in‐situ carbon source for Li 2 MnSiO 4 cathode material to boost lithium‐ion batteries performance

“…With the popularity of wearable devices and the electric vehicle industry rising in the past few years, the demand for high‐energy‐density secondary energy storage systems has proliferated 1‐3 . Due to the lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) system's high operating voltage, cycle life, and high energy density, it has become one of the most widely used energy storage devices 4,5 .…”