“…The sensing mechanism of metal oxide sensors typically involves changes in electrical properties arising from interactions between the target gas and the surface of the sensing material. 34,48 In the case of the WO 3 sensor, a considerable quantity of oxygen molecules in the air atmosphere adhere to the surface of the sensing film, capturing free electrons from the WO 3 conduction band and generating chemisorbed oxygen species (O 2 − , O − , and O 2− ) through the following reactions eqn (3)–(6), depending on the operation temperatures. 49 In this work, as shown in Fig.…”