Hydrothermal Polymerization Catalytic Process Effect of Various Organic Wastes on Reaction Time, Yield, and Temperature

Mackintosh, Alexis; Shin, Tae-Sung; Yang, Hyun-Ik; Choe, Kangil

doi:10.3390/pr8030303

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The choice of synthesis method will depend on the type of pollutant to be degraded or the end-use of the photocatalyst. Based on the literature it can be concluded that chemical methods are mostly used in the preparation of RGO-Bi 2 MoO 6 and among chemical methods, hydrothermal method is very common and it has been proven to produce a more efficient, chemically stable RGO-Bi 2 MoO 6 [51,52].…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison Study of Different Photocatalyst Preparation Methods: A Review on RGO-BI2MoO6 Photocatalyts Synthesis Methods

2020

SETWM-20, ACBES-20 &Amp; EEHSS-20 Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of photo catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants in water is widely growing and the application of photodegradation process has been seen to be effective in most organic pollutants. Different photocatalysts have been studied and various methods for photocatalysts preparations have been developed and investigated. Different methods have been experimented by different researchers in order to see how they improve the physicochemical properties of the photocatalysts since they have an influence on the on their performance. This paper will review different methods for the synthesis of commonly used photocatalysts while focusing more on the RGO-Bi 2 MoO 6 as it is one of the new photocatalysts attracting a lot of attention in research. Comparison of different methods will be done to see how each methods affect the final structure of the materials. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages of each method will be compared. The methods to be reviewed will be classified into physical and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, this study will identify the best method to use when developing RGO-Bi 2 MoO 6 for degradation purposes.Keywords-Chemical methods, photocatalysts, physical methods, RGO-Bi 2 MoO 6 , synthesis. I. INTRODUCTIONPhotocatalysis has been widely applied in the photodegradation of most pollutants such as dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other chemicals that are not easily degradable. Various photocatalysts have been employed to degrade contaminants occupying the environment (e.g pesticides and PAHs). Owing to the fact that, the application of photocatalysis in degradation of pollutants has been found to be effective [1]. Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants has been widely studied and different photocatalysts have been explored Manuscript

show abstract

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison Study of Different Photocatalyst Preparation Methods: A Review on RGO-BI2MoO6 Photocatalyts Synthesis Methods

2020

SETWM-20, ACBES-20 &Amp; EEHSS-20 Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Their so-called hydrothermal polymerization (HTP) process attained a high energy density of 27 MJ/kg and a mass yield rate of 60%. By using catalysts, the process temperature was lowered by 10 to 40 • C, the pressure requirement was reduced by 1 to 2 MPa, the rate of yield was 22% higher, and the total processing time was shortened by 3 h. These facts tell us the HTP process can use milder and quicker operation conditions with higher energy value and yield rate comparing with other catalytic and non-catalytic HTC reactions for wood biomass [7,[12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…They demonstrated a 30% increase of higher heating value (HHV) comparing to a non-catalytic process. Mackintosh et al compared various study results on the catalyst effect on HTC with newly defined efficiency of the catalyst on HTC [12]. They used maleic acid as catalyst and optimized the operating conditions for wood chips: temperature = 220 • C, pressure = 2.3 MPa, process time = 1 h, and the amount of the catalyst = 20 g/L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As well known in catalyst studies, the scalability of the catalyst is always a critical issue. Therefore, based on the previous lab results of HTC with the hydrothermal polymerization (HTP) catalyst reported by Mackintosh et al [12], a pilot plant has been established for a scalability check-up and future commercial plant design. In this study, the 1700 L binary reactor system has been designed for the sake of energy efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Polymerization Catalytic Process Effect of Various Biomass through a Pilot Plant

Mackintosh¹,

Jung

Kang³

et al. 2021

Processes

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Through the previous study a hydrothermal polymerization (HTP)—a catalytic methodology for treating various biomass and organic wastes—has been developed on a lab scale with a 1 L reactor and the results published. The research work described herein aims to ensure that the catalytic process is scalable for pilot and even commercial scale plants. A 1700 L binary reactor system has been built and the assumptions of a commercial scale plant that would have 10,000 to 20,000 L pressure vessels tested. The HTP catalytic biofuel process converts mono- and polysaccharides into a solid polymer fuel that is based on a furfuraldehyde ring system. The calorific value of the material obtained from the pilot plant is on the order of 27 MJ/kg and the material typically has low ash and fixed carbon content order of 48% which are about same as the lab results for various wood biomass feedstocks. Though a 1700 times scale up binary reactor system the scalability of the HTP catalytic methodology has been confirmed and the mass and energy balance of the binary reactor identified in order to provide fundamental data for commercial scale establishment in future.

show abstract

“…The thermodynamics of each AD stage and potential bacterial competitions have been reported in detail by [13,14]. In order to have a balanced AD, identical reaction rates are desired, however, the hydrolysis step is considered to be the rate limiting step for the digestion of lignocellulosic matter due to the impact of high lignin content on mass transfer [5,[15][16][17]. Although the impact of various pre-treatment technologies have been investigated on lignocellulosic materials-such as municipal organic waste [18], wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse [19], maple, oak and corn leaves and stalks [20], maize straw [21], corn stove [22], palm waste [23], lignocellulosic biomass [24], algal biomass [25] with an ultimate goal of achieving lignin solubilisation as well as reducing the crystal structure of cellulose to render readily degradable materials accessible to bacterial attack [26-28]-implementation of pre-treatment on whiskey distillery and brewery wastes and its impact on lignocellulose fractions have received scant attention in the literature [29].Chemical pre-treatment is a well-studied and widely accepted method in AD for a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks [4,30].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation and Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion of Whiskey Distillery/Brewery Wastes after Combined Chemical and Mechanical Pre-Treatment

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Whiskey distillery waste streams consisting of pot ale (liquid residue) and spent grain (solid residue) are high strength organic wastes and suitable feedstock for anaerobic digestion (AD) from both economic and environmental stand points. Anaerobic digestion of pot ale and pot ale/spent grain mixtures (with mixing ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 by wet weight) was performed after implementation of a novel hybrid pre-treatment (combined chemical and mechanical) in order to modify lignocellulosic structure and ultimately enhance digestion yield. Lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose fractions were determined before and after chemical pre-treatment. Effects of different inoculum rates (10-30-50% on wet basis) and beating times (0-7.5-15 min) on anaerobic digestion of pot ale alone and of pot ale/spent grain mixtures were investigated in lab scale batch mode with a major focus of optimising biogas yield by using response surface methodology (RSM) in Design Expert Software. The highest biogas yields of 629 ± 8.5 mL/g vs. (51.3% CH 4 ) and 360 ± 10 mL/g vs. (55.0 ± 0.4) with anaerobic digestion of pot ale alone and spent grain mix after 1M NaOH and 7.5 min beating pre-treatments with 50% inoculum ratio respectively. The optimum digestion conditions to maximise the biogas quality and quantity were predicted as 10 and 13 min beating times and 32 and 38 • C digestion temperatures for anaerobic digestion of pot ale alone and spent grain mix respectively.Processes 2020, 8, 492 2 of 27 of alternative energy sources has arisen [5]. Among the renewable energy sources, biogas, which is methane rich gas produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste, is considered to be among the most environmentally friendly fuel sources [6] owing to its non-toxic characteristics and potential for simplicity of use as an alternative over traditional fossil fuels, as well as its potential reduction in wastes sent to landfill [7].Typical waste disposal levels of whiskey distilleries and breweries and the potential environmental concerns associated with those waste streams was outlined by [8]. Due to the high organic content, large disposal volume, and the acidic nature, pot ale is the major concern of the waste management of whiskey distilleries. As such, AD with advantages over other waste management methods like low energy requirement, odour limitation, less by-product generation, and higher ability to cope with recalcitrant nature of whiskey distillery/brewery waste streams is a suitable alternative waste treatment method [9][10][11][12]. There are four main stages in the AD process-namely hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis-and the reactions in each stage are carried out by different bacteria. The thermodynamics of each AD stage and potential bacterial competitions have been reported in detail by [13,14]. In order to have a balanced AD, identical reaction rates are desired, however, the hydrolysis step is considered to be the rate limiting step for the digestion of lignocellulosic matter due to the impact of high lig...

show abstract

Hydrothermal Polymerization Catalytic Process Effect of Various Organic Wastes on Reaction Time, Yield, and Temperature

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

A Comparison Study of Different Photocatalyst Preparation Methods: A Review on RGO-BI2MoO6 Photocatalyts Synthesis Methods

A Comparison Study of Different Photocatalyst Preparation Methods: A Review on RGO-BI2MoO6 Photocatalyts Synthesis Methods

Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Polymerization Catalytic Process Effect of Various Biomass through a Pilot Plant

Optimisation and Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion of Whiskey Distillery/Brewery Wastes after Combined Chemical and Mechanical Pre-Treatment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About