Hydrothermal mobilization of pegmatite-hosted REE and Zr at Strange Lake, Canada: A reaction path model

Gysi, Alexander P.; Williams‐Jones, Anthony E.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.08.031

Cited by 136 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…There have been very few studies that have documented the pH of hydrothermal fluids responsible for REE ore formation. One of these is the study of Gysi and Williams-Jones (2013) who showed that the fluids responsible for the mobilization of REE at Strange Lake, Canada, had a pH of~2.…”

Section: Temperature and Composition Of Ree-bearing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was based primarily on the fact that fluoride species are among the strongest aqueous complexes of the REE and the observation that fluorite is commonly associated with REE mineralization, implying an elevated concentration of fluoride ions in the hydrothermal fluid ( Metz et al, 1985;Williams-Jones et al, 2000;Holtstam and Andersson, 2007;Ruberti et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2010;Gysi and Williams-Jones, 2013). The models put forward for hydrothermal REE ore genesis proposed transport of the REE in the form of fluoride species and destabilization of the latter at a geochemical barrier due to interaction of the ore fluid with Ca-rich rocks or mixing with Ca-rich fluids.…”

Section: ) Finally In the Examples Provided In This Contribution Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrothermal transport, deposition, and fractionation of the REE: Experimental data and thermodynamic calculations

et al. 2016

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For many years, our understanding of the behavior of the REE in hydrothermal systems was based on semiempirical estimates involving extrapolation of thermodynamic data obtained at 25°C (Haas et al., 1995;Wood, 1990a). Since then, a substantial body of experimental data has accumulated on the stability of aqueous complexes of the REE. These data have shown that some of the predictions of Haas et al. (1995) are accurate, but others may be in error by several orders of magnitude. However, application of the data in modeling hydrothermal transport and deposition of the REE has been severely hampered by the lack of data on the thermodynamic properties of even the most common REE minerals. The discrepancies between the predictions of Haas et al. (1995) and experimental determinations of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous REE species, together with the paucity of data on the stability of REE minerals, raise serious questions about the reliability of some models that have been proposed for the hydrothermal mobility of these critical metals. In this contribution, we review a body of high-temperature experimental data collected over the past 15 years on the stability of REE aqueous species and minerals. Using this new thermodynamic dataset, we re-evaluate the mechanisms responsible for hydrothermal transport and deposition of the REE. We also discuss the mechanisms that can result in REE fractionation during their hydrothermal transport and deposition. Our calculations suggest that in hydrothermal solutions, the main REE transporting ligands are chloride and sulfate, whereas fluoride, carbonate, and phosphate likely play an important role as depositional ligands. In addition to crystallographic fractionation, which is based on the differing affinity of mineral structures for the REE, our models suggest that the REE can be fractionated hydrothermally due to the differences in the stability of the LREE and HREE as aqueous chloride complexes.

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Section: Temperature and Composition Of Ree-bearing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Finally In the Examples Provided In This Contribution Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal transport, deposition, and fractionation of the REE: Experimental data and thermodynamic calculations

et al. 2016

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“…Numerous studies have also indicated the importance of hydrothermal processes for the mobilization and concentration of the REE in the late magmatic evolution stages of carbonatite and alkaline/peralkaline systems [4,5,[16][17][18][19]. Secondary REE enrichment can be significant in the late stages of pluton emplacement, as evidenced by the Strange Lake REE-Zr-Nb deposit in Canada, where metasomatic processes led to hydrothermal mobilization and mineralization of the REE at the periphery of the pluton [4,5,16,17]. Similar metasomatic processes were observed in the Tamazeght alkaline HFSE/REE-enriched pluton in Morocco [20] and other deposits [2,4,[7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

Perry

Gysi

2018

Geofluids

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is properly cited.Studying the speciation and mineral-fluid partitioning of the rare earth elements (REE) allows us to delineate the key processes responsible for the formation of economic REE mineral deposits in natural systems. Hydrothermal REE-bearing calcite is typically hosted in carbonatites and alkaline rocks, such as the giant Bayan Obo REE deposit in China and potential REE deposits such as Bear Lodge, WY. The compositions of these hydrothermal veins yield valuable information regarding pressure ( ), temperature ( ), salinity, and other physicochemical conditions under which the REE can be fractionated and concentrated in crustal fluids. This study presents numerical simulation results of the speciation of REE in aqueous NaCl-H 2 O-CO 2 -bearing hydrothermal fluids and a new partitioning model between calcite and fluids at different --conditions. Results show that, in a high CO 2 and low salinity system, bicarbonate/carbonate are the main transporting ligands for the REE, but predominance shifts to chloride complexes in systems with high CO 2 and high salinity. Hydroxyl REE complexes may be important for the solubility and transport of the REE in alkaline fluids. These numerical predictions allow us to make quantitative interpretations of hydrothermal processes in REE mineral deposits, particularly in carbonatites, and show where future experimental work will be essential in improving our modeling capabilities for these ore-forming processes.

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“…The presence of these phases may impact the estimation of silicate ash fraction because even nominally "immobile" high field strength elements like Sn, Th or REE may have significant volatility in the presence of abundant gaseous F, as is well known from studies of greisen-forming ore-bearing hydrothermal systems e.g. [7].…”

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A distinct metal fingerprint in arc volcanic emissions

2018

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Hydrothermal mobilization of pegmatite-hosted REE and Zr at Strange Lake, Canada: A reaction path model

Cited by 136 publications

References 74 publications

Hydrothermal transport, deposition, and fractionation of the REE: Experimental data and thermodynamic calculations

Hydrothermal transport, deposition, and fractionation of the REE: Experimental data and thermodynamic calculations

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

A distinct metal fingerprint in arc volcanic emissions

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