Hydrothermal Manganese Deposits from the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge and Lau Basin Region, Southwest Pacific

Rogers, R. A. Hodkinson T. D. S.

doi:10.1080/106411901753335326

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Molybdenum contents are similar to other Mo-rich hydrothermal Mn precipitates (e.g. Hein et al, 2008Hein et al, , 1990Krasnov et al, 1995;Kuhn et al, 2003;Moorby et al, 1984; T. D. S. Rogers, 2001).…”

Section: Source(s) Of the Metalssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Other sources include leaching of igneous rocks of different compositions, sulfides mineralization, biogenic sediments and/or the addition of metals from seawater (e.g. González et al, 2016;Hein et al, 2008Hein et al, , 1996Hein et al, , 1990Kuhn et al, 2003;Moorby et al, 1984;Rogers et al, 2001). From the above discussion (see 5.1), a major seawater contributions for Ni, Co and Cu can be ruled out either because of the geological setting, the textural and mineralogical features, the fast precipitation of Mn oxides and the lack of correlations between these metals and the elements commonly enriched by a hydrogenetic process (e.g.…”

Section: Source(s) Of the Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ni-Cu-Co-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific)

Pelleter

Fouquet

Étoubleau

et al. 2017

Ore Geology Reviews

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Section: Source(s) Of the Metalssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Source(s) Of the Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ni-Cu-Co-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific)

Pelleter

Fouquet

Étoubleau

et al. 2017

Ore Geology Reviews

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“…In contrast, Co correlates with Fe and is probably associated predominantly with Fe oxyhydroxide. Mo correlates only with As, but is probably associated with the Mn minerals, as determined by others [Glasby et al, 1997;Rogers et al, 2001;Koschinsky and Hein, 2003;Kuhn et al, 2003].…”

Section: Statistical Correlations From Bulk Chemical Datasupporting

confidence: 57%

Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu‐Bonin arc system, western Pacific

et al. 2008

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[1] Abundant ferromanganese oxides were collected along 1200 km of the active Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system. Chemical compositions and mineralogy show that samples were collected from two deposit types: Fe-Mn crusts of mixed hydrogenetic/ hydrothermal origin and hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits; this paper addresses only the second type. Mn oxides cement volcaniclastic and biogenic sandstone and breccia layers (Mn sandstone) and form discrete dense stratabound layers along bedding planes and within beds (stratabound Mn). The Mn oxide was deposited within coarse-grained sediments from diffuse flow systems where precipitation occurred below the seafloor. Deposits were exposed at the seabed by faulting, mass wasting, and erosion. Scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analyses indicate the presence of both amorphous and crystalline 10 Å and 7 Å manganate minerals, the fundamental chemical difference being high water contents in the amorphous Mn oxides. Alternation of amorphous and crystalline laminae occurs in many samples, which likely resulted from initial rapid precipitation of amorphous Mn oxides from waxing pulses of hydrothermal fluids followed by precipitation of slow forming crystallites during waning stages. The chemical composition is characteristic of a hydrothermal origin including strong fractionation between Fe (mean 0.9 wt %) and Mn (mean 48 wt %) for the stratabound Mn, generally low trace metal contents, and very low rare earth element and platinum group element contents. However, Mo, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Co occur in high concentrations in some samples and may be good indicator elements for proximity to the heat source or to massive sulfide deposits. For the Mn sandstones, Fe (mean 8.4%) and Mn (12.4%) are not significantly fractionated because of high Fe contents in the volcaniclastic material. However, the proportion of hydrothermal Fe (nondetrital Fe) to total Fe is remarkably constant (49-58%) for all the sample groups, regardless of the degree of Mn mineralization. Factor analyses indicate various mixtures of two dominant components: hydrothermal Mn oxide for the stratabound Mn and detrital aluminosilicate for the Mn-cemented sandstone; and two minor components, hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxide and biocarbonate/biosilica. Our conceptual model shows that Mn mineralization was produced by hydrothermal convection cells within arc volcanoes and sedimentary prisms that occur along the flanks and within calderas. The main source of hydrothermal fluid was seawater that penetrated through fractures, faults, and permeable volcanic edifices. The fluids were heated by magma, enriched in metals by leaching of basement rocks and sediments, and mixed with magmatic fluids and gases. Dikes and sills may have been another source of heat that drove small-scale circulation within sedimentary prisms.

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“…Lithium in manganese deposits can also have a hydrothermal source [e.g.,Rogers et al, 2001;Chan and Hein, 2007], however, the combination of high Cu, Ni, and Li together in the Shatsky Rise crusts indicate a diagenetic source.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Copper‐nickel‐rich, amalgamated ferromanganese crust‐nodule deposits from Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific

Hein

Conrad

Frank

et al. 2012

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] A unique set of ferromanganese crusts and nodules collected from Shatsky Rise (SR), NW Pacific, were analyzed for mineralogical and chemical compositions, and dated using Be isotopes and cobalt chronometry. The composition of these midlatitude, deep-water deposits is markedly different from northwest-equatorial Pacific (PCZ) crusts, where most studies have been conducted. Crusts and nodules on SR formed in close proximity and some nodule deposits were cemented and overgrown by crusts, forming amalgamated deposits. The deep-water SR crusts are high in Cu, Li, and Th and low in Co, Te, and Tl concentrations compared to PCZ crusts. Thorium concentrations (ppm) are especially striking with a high of 152 (mean 56), compared to PCZ crusts (mean 11). The deep-water SR crusts show a diagenetic chemical signal, but not a diagenetic mineralogy, which together constrain the redox conditions to early oxic diagenesis. Diagenetic input to crusts is rare, but unequivocal in these deep-water crusts. Copper, Ni, and Li are strongly enriched in SR deep-water deposits, but only in layers older than about 3.4 Ma. Diagenetic reactions in the sediment and dissolution of biogenic calcite in the water column are the likely sources of these metals. The highest concentrations of Li are in crust layers that formed near the calcite compensation depth. The onset of Ni, Cu, and Li enrichment in the middle Miocene and cessation at about 3.4 Ma were accompanied by changes in the deep-water environment, especially composition and flow rates of water masses, and location of the carbonate compensation depth.

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Hydrothermal Manganese Deposits from the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge and Lau Basin Region, Southwest Pacific

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Ni-Cu-Co-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific)

Ni-Cu-Co-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific)

Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu‐Bonin arc system, western Pacific

Copper‐nickel‐rich, amalgamated ferromanganese crust‐nodule deposits from Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific

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