Hydrothermal liquefaction of high- and low-lipid algae: Bio-crude oil chemistry

Cheng, Feng; Cui, Zheng; Chen, Lin; Jarvis, Jacqueline M.; Paz, Neil; Schaub, Tanner; Nirmalakhandan, Nagamany; Brewer, Catherine E.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.105

Cited by 108 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The operation condition was 10 wt.% algal solids loading at 350 °C for 30 min. The detailed experiments are shown in the previous work [20] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste-to-wealth application of wastewater treatment algae-derived hydrochar for Pb(II) adsorption

Tang

Cheng

et al. 2021

MethodsX

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Hydrochar, as an energy-lean solid waste, is generated from an advanced biofuel conversion technique hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and always leads to environmental pollution without appropriate disposal. In this study, HTL-derived hydrochar is recycled and prepared as adsorbent used for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from wastewater. As the original porous structure of hydrochar is masked by oily volatiles remained after HTL, two types of oil-removal pretreatment (Soxhlet extraction and CO 2 activation) are explored. The result shows that CO 2 activation significantly enhances the adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ), and the maximum adsorption capacity is 12.88 mg g −1 , as evaluated using Langmuir adsorption model. Further, apart from oily volatiles, most inorganic compounds derived from wastewater-grown algae is enriched in hydrochar, causing a smaller surface area of hydrochar. An ash-removal alkali treatment following CO 2 activation is introduced to dramatically increase the adsorption capacity to 25.00 mg g −1 with an extremely low Pb(II) equilibrium concentration of 5.1×10 -4 mg L −1 , which is much lower than the maximum level of Pb concentration in drinking water (set by World Health Organization). This work introduces an approach to reuse HTL-hydrochar as an inexpensive adsorbent in Pb-contaminated water treatment, which not only provides another possible renewable adsorbent candidate applied in the field of lead adsorption, but also finds an alternative route to reduce solid waste effluent from HTL process.

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“…The operation condition was 10 wt.% algal solids loading at 350 °C for 30 min. The detailed experiments are shown in the previous work [20] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste-to-wealth application of wastewater treatment algae-derived hydrochar for Pb(II) adsorption

Tang

Cheng

et al. 2021

MethodsX

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“…A recent study investigated the processing of two algal species by HTL at different temperatures: Galdieria sulphuraria has high protein content and is of interest for wastewater treatment, while the marine algae Nannochloropsis salina is rich in lipids. It was concluded that carbohydrates have to be removed from the biomass prior to HTL, while N can be removed during the catalytic upgrading [189]. A two-stage HTL was proposed, which would allow the reduction of the N content in the biocrude of more than 50% [190].…”

Section: Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algal Biomass from Wastewater and Flue Gases as a Source of Bioenergy

et al. 2018

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Algae are without doubt the most productive photosynthetic organisms on Earth; they are highly efficient in converting CO 2 and nutrients into biomass. These abilities can be exploited by culturing microalgae from wastewater and flue gases for effective wastewater reclamation. Algae are known to remove nitrogen and phosphorus as well as several organic contaminants including pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Biomass production can even be enhanced by the addition of CO 2 originating from flue gases. The algal biomass can then be used as a raw material to produce bioenergy; depending on its composition, various types of biofuels such as biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, biobutanol or biohydrogen can be obtained. However, algal biomass generated in wastewater and flue gases also contains contaminants which, if not degraded, will end up in the ashes. In this review, the current knowledge on algal biomass production in wastewater and flue gases is summarized; special focus is given to the algal capacity to remove contaminants from wastewater and flue gases, and the consequences when converting this biomass into different types of biofuels.

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“…The most abundant sodiated heteroatom class were O 4 Na and O 5 Na. The presence of such compounds, which were reported in previous studies (Cheng et al, 2017;Jarvis et al, 2017), may be attributed to the salt content of the collected food waste, or to glass container pieces being incorporated during food waste processing. In Figure 5, sodiated heteroatom classes (except O 5 Na) in bio-crude oil at 240 • C for 30 min represented the lowest abundance among the other four samples.…”

Section: O 1-10 Na Classesmentioning

confidence: 64%

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Effect of Process Parameters on Product Yields and Chemistry

Bayat

Dehghanizadeh

Jarvis

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Increasing food waste generation (1.6 billion tons per year globally) due to urban and industrial development has prompted researchers to pursue alternative waste management methods. Energy valorization of food waste is a method that can reduce the environmental impacts of landfills and the global reliance on crude oil for liquid fuels. In this study, food waste was converted to bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in a batch reactor at moderate temperatures (240–295°C), reaction times (0–60 min), and 15 wt.% solids loading. The maximum HTL bio-crude oil yield (27.5 wt.%), and energy recovery (49%) were obtained at 240°C and 30 min, while the highest bio-crude oil energy content (40.2 MJ/kg) was observed at 295°C. The properties of the bio-crude oil were determined using thermogravimetric analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, CHNS elemental analysis, and ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS). FT-ICR MS results indicated that the majority of the detected compounds in the bio-crude oil were oxygen-containing species. The O4 class was the most abundant class of heteroatom-containing compounds in all HTL bio-crude oil samples produced at 240°C; the O2 class was the most abundant class obtained at 265 and 295°C. The total FAME content of the bio-crude oil was 15–37 wt.%, of which the most abundant were palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:3N:3, C18:3N:6).

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Hydrothermal liquefaction of high- and low-lipid algae: Bio-crude oil chemistry

Cited by 108 publications

References 67 publications

Waste-to-wealth application of wastewater treatment algae-derived hydrochar for Pb(II) adsorption

Waste-to-wealth application of wastewater treatment algae-derived hydrochar for Pb(II) adsorption

Algal Biomass from Wastewater and Flue Gases as a Source of Bioenergy

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Effect of Process Parameters on Product Yields and Chemistry

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