Hydrothermal Liquefaction of an Animal Carcass for Biocrude Oil

Abstract

This study investigated the optimum operating conditions on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for the production of biocrude oil from an animal carcass. HTL experiments were carried out at various reaction temperatures (230–350 °C), residence times (10–80 min), solid concentrations (5–20 wt %), and pressures (15–30 MPa). Detailed chemical composition analysis of biocrude oil was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, and element analysis. The results showed that the biocrude oil was composed of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, amides, esters, and N-heterocyclic compounds. The maximum biocrude oil yield of 55.6 wt % was obtained at 320 °C and 10 wt % solid concentration for a residence time of 60 min. Pressure imparts little on the yield of biocrude oil. The higher heating value of the biocrude oil ranging from 39.7 to 42.5 MJ kg–1 was comparable to that of petroleum crude (42.9 MJ kg–1). In addition, the general reaction pathways for HTL of an animal carcass were proposed. The results of this study demonstrated that HTL is a promising method for disposal of an animal carcass for the production of biocrude oil.

In Situ Synergistic Catalysis Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina by CuO–CeO2 and Ni–Co to Improve Bio-oil Production

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Enhanced biocrude production from hydrothermal conversion of municipal sewage sludge via co-liquefaction with various model feedstocks

“…The separating procedure for the HTL products is shown in Fig. 1 , according to Yang’s 31 research. The cooled reactor was depressurized through the vent valve, and the gaseous products were collected in a pre-weighted and pre-vacuumed gas bag.…”

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“…Even though the literature in HTL is very extensive, zooming in on food wastes, presenting complete data sets severely limits the available data. Data from Motavaf et al 25 , Bayat et al 26 , Aierzhati et al 27 , Evcil et al 28 and Yang et al [29][30][31] are also included. Experiments on soy protein are also included in the data to represent high protein resources [32][33][34][35] .…”