Hydrothermal element fluxes from Copahue, Argentina: A “beehive” volcano in turmoil

Varekamp, Johan C.; Ouimette, A.; Herman, Scott W.; Bermudez, A.; Delpino, Daniel H.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1059:heffca>2.0.co;2

Cited by 103 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Both the flow of the hot springs and the concentrations of several of the RFEs increased dramatically, which was interpreted as the result of an intrusion of new magma into the hydrothermal reservoir and dissolution of the chilled magma [Varekamp et al, 2001] .This pulse of enhanced volcanic output of more concentrated fluids could be discerned in the compositional evolution of Lake Caviahue, which, through its large volume, attenuates the impact of these compositionally extreme discharge events [Varekamp, 2003].The hot springs remained active throughout the turmoil of the eruptive period, while large amounts of ash were deposited on top of the volcano.…”

Section: The Acid Hot Springs Of Copahue Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Copahue Volcano (37.85°S, 71.17°W Neuquen Province) has an acid crater lake and acid hot springs (Table 1) The latter feed a river system (Upper Rio Agrio) which discharges into a large (0.5 km 3 ), horseshoe-shaped glacial lake (Lake Caviahue) that overflows in one arm through the Lower Rio Agrio.This acid watershed has been studied for several years [Varekamp et al, 2001[Varekamp et al, ,2003Wendt-Potthoff and Koschorreck, 2002;Pedrozo et al, 2001], with an emphasis on the changing composition of the fluids over time, as well as the presence of bacteria in these acid waters.…”

Section: The Acid Hot Springs Of Copahue Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Copahue volcano: A modern terrestrial analog for the opportunity landing site?

Varekamp

2004

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The Opportunity Rover on Mars landed in an environment that contained grey hematite (specularite) and jarosite,with structures indicative of flowing water. Less firm evidence suggests the presence of gypsum as well, and the environment is overall rich in S, Cl, and Br (NASA news releases, 2004). Such a suite of minerals may form from an iron‐ and sulfate‐rich brine, either through evaporation, cooling, or changes in redox conditions (see Hynek et al. [2002] and Christensen et al. [2001], for a discussion of the extent and possible origins of the Mars hematite deposits). On Earth, such an association of minerals is not very common, but is found in alteration zones with fumarolic activity in some volcanic craters. The condensation or dissolution in meteoric waters of S‐rich volcanic gases creates acid fluids in the surficial environment that leach rock‐forming elements (RFEs) from the surrounding rocks, forming large, bleached areas of mineralizations of hematite, cristobalite, and gypsum, occasionally with zones rich in alunite or jarosite.

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Section: The Acid Hot Springs Of Copahue Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Acid Hot Springs Of Copahue Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

Copahue volcano: A modern terrestrial analog for the opportunity landing site?

Varekamp

2004

EoS Transactions

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“…It has been suggested that an increase in Mg in acidic waters precedes volcanic eruptions as it was first shown by Giggenbach (1974) for Ruapehu crater lake and this phenomenon was repeated later at Ruapehu and Copahue volcanoes (Christenson and Wood, 1993;Varekamp et al, 2001). Giggenbach (1974) suggested that this is a response on the intrusion of new magma into the acidic aquifer.…”

Section: Water Chemistry: Major Componentsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…An inserted ternary plot in Fig. 9 compares the data points for Poas, Ruapehu and Copahue crater lakes (Rowe et al, 1992;Christenson and Wood, 1993;Varekamp et al, 2001) with the data for the Ebeko + Yurieva composition.…”

Section: Water Chemistry: Major Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcano–hydrothermal system of Ebeko volcano, Paramushir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry and solute fluxes of magmatic chlorine and sulfur

Kalacheva

Taran

Котенко

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Ebeko volcano at the northern part of Paramushir Island in the Kuril island arc produces frequent phreatic eruptions and relatively strong fumarolic activity at the summit area~1000 m above sea level (asl). The fumaroles are characterized by low-temperature, HCl-and S-rich gas and numerous hyper-acid pools (pH b 1) without drains. At~550 m asl, in the Yurieva stream canyon, many hot (up to 87°C) springs discharge ultra-acidic (pH 1-2) SO 4 -Cl water into the stream and finally into the Sea of Okhotsk. During quiescent stages of degassing, these fumaroles emit 1000-2000 t/d of water vapor, b 20 t/d of SO 2 and b 5 t/d of HCl. The measurement of acidic hot Yurieva springs shows that the flux of Cl and S, 60-80 t/d each, is independent on the volcanic activity in the last two decades. Such high flux of Cl is among the highest ever measured in a volcano-hydrothermal system. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of water and Cl concentration for Yurieva springs show an excellent positive correlation, indicating a mixing between meteoric water and magmatic vapor. In contrast, volcanic gas condensates of Ebeko fumaroles do not show a simple mixing trend but rather a complicated data suggesting evaporation of the acidic brine. Temperatures calculated from gas compositions and isotope data are similar, ranging from 150 to 250°C, which is consistent with the presence of a liquid aquifer below the Ebeko fumarolic fields. Saturation indices of non-silicate minerals suggest temperatures ranging from 150 to 200°C for Yurieva springs. Trace elements (including REE) and Sr isotope composition suggest congruent dissolution of the Ebeko volcanic rocks by acidic waters. Waters of Yurieva springs and waters of the summit thermal fields (including volcanic gas condensates) are different in Cl/SO 4 ratios and isotopic compositions, suggesting complicated boiling-condensationmixing processes.

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“…Gravity anomaly studies (Gottsmann et al 2008;Coco et al 2016) and acoustic waves (Ferrazzini and Aki 1987) also provide insight into subsurface processes. Measurements of water chemistry composition from hydrothermal manifestation such as boiling pools, crater lakes and thermal springs are also routinely conducted (Varekamp et al 2001(Varekamp et al , 2009Federico et al 2002;Tassi et al 2003). The increase of Rare Earth Elements (REE)/Cl, RFEs (e.g., Ca, Mg, K)/Cl and the increase in SiO 2 concentration are indicative of either intrusion of fresh magma within the hydrothermal reservoir or exposure to water/rock interaction of fresh rock due to hydrofracturing (Varekamp et al 2008).…”

Section: Hydrothermal Systems and Unrestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater flow and volcanic unrest

Jasim

Hemmings

Mayer

et al. 2018

Advances in Volcanology

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Hydrology around active volcanoes is strongly controlled by the interaction between groundwater, and the fluids, dissolved elements and heat associated with magmatic intrusion. The chemical and mechanical processes associated with magmatic unrest can result in observable changes in the hydrothermal system. Consequently, observations of chemical and physical hydrothermal variations may provide insights into the state of volcanic activity. Additionally, the interaction between hydrological and volcanic systems leads to the presence of high-temperature, pressurised, and often acidic fluids, which add to, and intensify, the volcanic hazard. In the following chapter we present the major components of, and controls on, magmatic hydrothermal systems focusing on the mutual perturbation between the groundwater flow system and the volcanic system. We explore how these conditions can be modified by volcanic unrest and we identify feedbacks between dynamic hydrothermal behaviour and on-going unrest. The interaction between these systems, and therefore the associated monitoring signals, are the result of complex groundwater-volcano coupling within multi-phase flow system in evolving lithologies. Nonetheless, detailed monitoring of hydrothermal and hydrological behaviour can provide insights into unrest and the evolution of hazards at restless volcanoes.

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Hydrothermal element fluxes from Copahue, Argentina: A “beehive” volcano in turmoil

Cited by 103 publications

References 12 publications

Copahue volcano: A modern terrestrial analog for the opportunity landing site?

Copahue volcano: A modern terrestrial analog for the opportunity landing site?

Volcano–hydrothermal system of Ebeko volcano, Paramushir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry and solute fluxes of magmatic chlorine and sulfur

Groundwater flow and volcanic unrest

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