Hydrothermal catalytic liquefaction mechanisms of agal biomass to bio-oil

Xu, Yufu; Hu, Xianguo; Yu, Hao; Wang, Kaichao; Cui, Zhen Feng

doi:10.1080/15567036.2012.716140

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Catalytic HTL has predominantly involved the use of homogeneous catalysts, most notably sodium and potassium hydroxides and carbonates. Use of such catalysts in some studies has led to substantial increases in biocrude yields and increased biocrude quality. , Organic solvents used in HTL generally involve the use of alcohols (generally ethanol), either alone or in aqueous mixtures, ,,,, although other solvents such at heptane and toluene have also been used when in situ fractionation of the biocrude was desired . Using organic solvents, either in neat form or as cosolvents, has been shown to significantly increase biocrude yields. ,, However, one study reported that lower biocrude quality accompanied the higher yields .…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of such catalysts in some studies has led to substantial increases in biocrude yields and increased biocrude quality. 20,28 Organic solvents used in HTL generally involve the use of alcohols (generally ethanol), either alone or in aqueous mixtures, 13,16,21,25,32 although other solvents such at heptane and toluene have also been used when in situ fractionation of the biocrude was desired. 26 Using organic solvents, either in neat form or as cosolvents, has been shown to significantly increase biocrude yields.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the majority of studies using HTL as a biofuel production process have used algae or lignocellulosic biomass, − with research on algae being particularly prominent most recently. Limited research has been conducted using fungi as a feedstock for HTL, and is limited to the yeasts Cryptococcus curvatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . − Additionally, continuous-flow HTL processes have exclusively investigated the use of microalgae and lignocellulosics. ,,, However, no information on continuous-flow HTL with filamentous fungi has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Filamentous Fungi

2016

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This study examined the potential of using the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oligosporus as a feedstock for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The fungal biomass, cultivated in thin stillage from a corn ethanol plant, was processed at pilot-scale using a 1.5-L capacity continuous-flow HTL system. HTL operating conditions of 300−400°C at 27 MPa for 12−30 min were tested. Biocrude yields ranging from 48.2 to 60.9% were obtained. At low reaction temperatures (300°C), yields as high as 59.9% could still be achieved. Aside from the least severe reaction condition studied (300°C, 12 min), neither the yield nor elemental composition of the biocrude was significantly impacted by residence time or temperature, as is typically seen with batch reactors. Similarities in the biochemical and elemental composition between R. oligosporus and microalgae resulted in biocrude yields that were comparable to those previously reported for continuous-flow systems using microalgae. These findings demonstrate the viability of using fungal biomass as a feedstock for the HTL process, and they show that lower temperatures can be used at pilot-scale while still achieving maximal yields.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Filamentous Fungi

2016

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“…Different types of biomass will undergo different reaction patterns and respond differently to process conditions such as heating rate, temperature, pressure and pH. This review will not go into details of reaction mechanisms, as several original works have presented reaction schemes for lignocellulosic and other organic substrates, e.g., [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], the effect of pH modifiers (often referred to as catalysts) (e.g., [19,20], but very often included in HTL studies), temperature and heating rate studies [21][22][23]. A multitude of reviews are available for overviews, e.g., [9,10,23,24].…”

Section: Hydrothermal Liquefaction Basicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review

2018

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass is emerging as an effective technology to efficiently valorize different types of (wet) biomass feedstocks, ranging from lignocellulosics to algae and organic wastes. Significant research into HTL has been conducted in batch systems, which has provided a fundamental understanding of the different process conditions and the behavior of different biomass. The next step towards continuous plants, which are prerequisites for an industrial implementation of the process, has been significantly less explored. In order to facilitate a more focused future development, this review—based on the sources available in the open literature—intends to present the state of the art in the field of continuous HTL as well as to suggest means of interpretation of data from such plants. This contributes to a more holistic understanding of causes and effects, aiding next generation designs as well as pinpointing research focus. Additionally, the documented experiences in upgrading by catalytic hydrotreating are reported. The study reveals some interesting features in terms of energy densification versus the yield of different classes of feedstocks, indicating that some global limitations exist irrespective of processing implementations. Finally, techno-economic considerations, observations and remarks for future studies are presented.

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“…Most of the studies that have been carried out to date focus on the reaction mechanism [ 80 , 81 ], including the effect of biomass types, reaction temperature and heating rate [ 82 ], the pressure, type and nature of the catalysts or pH modifiers [ 83 ], biofuel performance and final product characteristics [ 73 ]. In both the reviews carried out by Gollakota et al [ 55 ] and Castello et al [ 12 ], it is possible to find information about the operation of hydrothermal liquefaction based on the conditions mentioned above, as well as the historical evolution of the technology.…”

Section: Advanced Biofuel Production Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass as One of the Most Promising Alternatives for the Synthesis of Advanced Liquid Biofuels: A Review

et al. 2021

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The use of biofuels offers advantages over existing fuels because they come from renewable sources, they are biodegradable, their storage and transport are safer, and their emissions into the atmosphere are lower. Biomass is one of the most promising sustainable energy sources with a wide variety of organic materials as raw material. Chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical methods have been proposed to obtain biofuels from raw materials from biomass. In recent years, a thermochemical method that has generated great interest is hydrothermal liquefaction. In this paper, a brief review of the main sources for liquid biofuels and the synthesis processes is presented, with special emphasis on the production of biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction by using waste generated by human activity as raw material.

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Hydrothermal catalytic liquefaction mechanisms of agal biomass to bio-oil

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Filamentous Fungi

Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Filamentous Fungi

Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass as One of the Most Promising Alternatives for the Synthesis of Advanced Liquid Biofuels: A Review

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