Hydrothermal carbonization of loblolly pine: reaction chemistry and water balance

Reza, M. Toufiq; Uddin, Mohammad Zashim; Lynam, Joan G.; Hoekman, S. Kent; Coronella, Charles J.

doi:10.1007/s13399-014-0115-9

Cited by 199 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Hydrothermal carbonization incorporates a complex reaction in which simultaneous reactions occur at once, but the process is initialized by the hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose embodied in CCD. Products of degradation may further undergo decarboxylation, dehydration, condensation, and even aromatization (Reza et al, 2014). Since carbon bonded in cellulose and hemicelluse is in linear chains, the aromatization may occur during the process (Sevilla & Fuertes, 2009).…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Material Obtained from Coconut Coir Dust by Hydrothermal and Pyrolytic Processes

Supriadi¹,

Kartini²,

Honggowiranto³

et al. 2017

IJTech

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Since 2004, graphene has risen in popularity owing to its superior properties. However, limits to the scale of production methods have rendered graphene a costly material. Moreover, existing production methods require chemicals that are detrimental to the environment. This study uses Coconut Coir Dust (CCD) as a carbon precursor and an intermediate product in the manufacturing of graphene. Firstly, CCD sieved into a 100 mesh was carbonized using a hydrothermal method at temperatures of 235 o C, 250 o C, and 265 o C, for 4 hours. Following this, the resulting solid residue was pyrolyzed at 1000 o C for 2 hours under the protection of nitrogen (N2). The hydrothermal solid residue was labelled CHT (hydrothermal temperature) and the pyrolysis product was named as SP (hydrothermal temperature). Both samples were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDS. In addition, Raman characterization was conducted for SP samples. At the end of the process (SP), the XRD pattern showed two broad peaks centered around 2θ ~24 o and 44 o corresponding to a (002) and (100) graphite plane. This pattern is similar to that of reduced-graphene oxide. SEM images showed a sheet-like microstructure is caused by undegraded lignin. A perforated and corrugated sheet formed after pyrolysis, which subsequently confirms the formation of reduced-graphene oxide. Furthermore, the Raman result indicates that higher hydrothermal temperatures lead to an increasing integrated ID/IG ratio. The ratios were 1.62, 1.71 and 1.77, for SP 235, SP 250, and SP 265, respectively. Research results conclude that the carbonaceous material formed through hydrothermal and pyrolytic processes contained a mixture of an amorphous-carbon form and a graphene-like cluster. Results additionally show a similar structure with reduced-graphene oxide.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Material Obtained from Coconut Coir Dust by Hydrothermal and Pyrolytic Processes

Supriadi¹,

Kartini²,

Honggowiranto³

et al. 2017

IJTech

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“…Data are reported as a mass fraction on an extractive-free basis of the biomass sample. Note: ash reported here is on a total mass basis (not the extractive-free basis) correspond to the aromatic C-H bonds of extractives, OH association, phenolic (C-O) and methoxy (O-CH 3 ) of lignin, and C=C benzene ring stretch, respectively [32]. The bond at 985 cm −1 is shifted to 975 cm −1 for the treated samples, which might result from the degradation of the extractives.…”

Section: Proximate and Ultimate Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ash reduction of corn stover by mild hydrothermal preprocessing

Reza

Emerson

Uddin

et al. 2014

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

Self Cite

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Lignocellulosic biomass such as corn stover can contain high ash content, which may act as an inhibitor in downstream conversion processes. Most of the structural ash in biomass is located in the cross-linked structure of lignin, which is mildly reactive in basic solutions. Four organic acids (formic, oxalic, tartaric, and citric) were evaluated for effectiveness in ash reduction, with limited success. Because of sodium citrate's chelating and basic characteristics, it is effective in ash removal. More than 75 % of structural and 85 % of whole ash was removed from the biomass by treatment with 0.1 g of sodium citrate per gram of biomass at 130°C and 2.7 bar. FTIR, fiber analysis, and chemical analyses show that cellulose and hemicellulose were unaffected by the treatment. ICP-AES showed that all inorganics measured were reduced within the biomass feedstock, except sodium due to the addition of Na through the treatment. Sodium citrate addition to the preconversion process of corn stover is an effective way to reduced physiological ash content of the feedstock without negatively impacting carbohydrate and lignin content.

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“…TGA is a common method to study biomass [11][12][13][14] and hydrochar composition [13,[15][16][17] and is here mainly used to detect residual cellulose from incomplete conversion of the biomass. Infrared spectra are often used to characterize hydrochar via the presence of characteristic, IR-active, functional groups (see for example: [18]). Lignocellulosic biomass contains both cellulose and lignin as well as hemicellulose plus ash ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Hydrochar as Function of Feedstock, Reaction Conditions and Post-Treatment

Kruse

Zevaco

2018

Energies

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology to convert wet biomass into carbon-rich materials. Until now, the chemical processes occurring and their influence on the product properties are not well understood. Therefore, a target-oriented production of materials with defined properties is difficult, if not impossible. Here, model compounds such as cellulose and lignin, as well as different definite biomasses such as straw and beech wood are converted by hydrothermal carbonization. Following this, thermogravimetic (TGA) and FTIR measurements are used to get information about chemical structure and thermal properties of the related hydrochars. Some of the isolated materials are thermally post-treated (490 • C and 700 • C) and analyzed. The results show that at "mild" HTC conversion, the cellulose part in a lignocellulose matrix is not completely carbonized and there is still cellulose present. Thermal post-treatment makes the properties of product materials more similar and shows complete carbonization with increase aromatic cross-linking, proven by TGA and FTIR results.

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Hydrothermal carbonization of loblolly pine: reaction chemistry and water balance

Cited by 199 publications

References 37 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Material Obtained from Coconut Coir Dust by Hydrothermal and Pyrolytic Processes

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Material Obtained from Coconut Coir Dust by Hydrothermal and Pyrolytic Processes

Ash reduction of corn stover by mild hydrothermal preprocessing

Properties of Hydrochar as Function of Feedstock, Reaction Conditions and Post-Treatment

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