Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass: A Review

Krylova, A. Yu.; Zaitchenko, V. M.

doi:10.3103/s0361521918020076

Cited by 76 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…By using the thermal analytical method, HTC reaction of straw biomass reveals that there occurs exothermic degradation of hemicellulose at a temperature above 125 °C. It has also been observed that partial amorphous cellulose breaks down into smaller molecules, which then lead to the formation of 5-HMF upon dissolution in water, mimicking the results for furfural ring [64,80].…”

Section: Hydrothermal Carbonization Of Biomassmentioning

confidence: 53%

A Comprehensive Review on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass and its Applications

et al. 2019

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has gained a lot of interest in the last few years for the process production of hydrochar from the different kinds of biological materials such as agricultural waste. Therefore, a thorough review of the literature on HTC has been conducted, which is more energy-efficient and involves hydrochar preparation at a lower temperature without any specific requirements for pressure. This review article primarily differentiates between the hydrochar and biochar developed from various sources. Also, a comparative analysis has been done to evaluate the maximum efficiency of hydrochar production. The various parameters, which influence the hydrochar yield to include pH, temperature, the concentration of the modifying agent, duration of exposure, salt, and phenolic compounds, have also been highlighted in this review. The scale-up processes for industrial level hydrochar production, along with bioreactor designs, have also been discussed. We have also focused on various applications of hydrochar, such as adsorbent in wastewater treatment, carbon sequestration, gas adsorption and in the field of agriculture for soil amendment. The adsorption effects of hydrochar towards the partial and proportionate adsorption of heavy metals and hazardous chemicals have been depicted. This review of the literature clearly illustrates the role of HTC in environmental remediation of soil, air and water and its usage in various industries.

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Section: Hydrothermal Carbonization Of Biomassmentioning

confidence: 53%

A Comprehensive Review on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass and its Applications

et al. 2019

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“…The carbon particles had spherical or near‐spherical morphology, being rich in micropores (about 84%). Besides, cellulose, potato starch, and wood saw dust also have been reported …”

Section: Preparation Methods Of Carbon‐based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) refers to a process in which biomass using water as the reaction medium is converted into a carbon material through a series of complex reactions at relatively low temperatures (180-280 C) and under autogenous pressure in a closed system. 112 The solid residue produced by the HTC process exhibits not only superior performance as far as higher mass and energy density but also abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. 30,113 Compared with traditional carbonization, HTC has a higher carbon efficiency, and the carbon product can be easily separated from the reaction solution.…”

Section: Hydrothermal Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, cellulose, potato starch, and wood saw dust also have been reported. 112,116,117 Basically, the HTC reaction occurs through three important steps: (a) carbohydrate is dehydrated to (hydroxymethyl) furfural; (b) dehydration of monomer and induction of polymerization; and (c) carbonization by further intermolecular dehydration. 113 Studies have shown that the HTC process takes place in the subcritical region, in which water is decomposed into acidic hydronium ions (H 3 O + ) and basic hydroxide ions (OH − ).…”

Section: Hydrothermal Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The synthesis and performance analysis of various biomass‐based carbon materials for electric double‐layer capacitors: A review

Lin

et al. 2019

Int J Energy Res

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Summary Biomass is one of the most promising clean energy sources. The porous carbon materials prepared by biomass as electrode materials of electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) are easily available at a low price, which would greatly reduce the cost of the production. However, carbon materials made with biomass generally have many disadvantages such as low specific surface area (SSA), poor pore size structure, and difficulty to control the pore diameter, which results in the poor EDLC performance. In this paper, the prime purpose is to expose the recent progress of biomass carbon in the fields of electrode materials of EDLC. The review provides a comprehensive literature review that is focused on EDLC electrodes derived from biochar of the evidence of 181 publications published over a period of 30 years from 1989 to 2019. Various carbon materials derived from different biomass for electrode of EDLC are discussed. The most promising methods for the preparation of several biomass carbons are described in detail. Some factors such as SSA, pore size structure, surface functional groups, and electrolyte are further analyzed to discuss the effects on the electrochemical performance of the EDLC. Notably, current deficiencies and possible solutions of preparation methods of biomass carbon as electrode materials are outlined. And the future research trends in this field are prospected.

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“…Although this value is higher, it was achieved at a higher temperature of 340 • C. Other authors have studied the viability of converting biomass into biofuels through HTC. Wang et al [34] calculated the HHV of Eucommia ulmoides and their results ranged from 20.00 MJ/kg at 180 • C to 29.61 MJ/kg at 320 • C. Krylova and Zaitchenko [35] calculated the heating value of plant biomass, such as softwood, hardwood, and pine bark, and found values between 18.50 and 21.00 MJ/kg. Saba et al [36] also calculated the HHV of miscanthus at 230 • C, obtaining a value of 24.60 MJ/kg.…”

Section: Hydrothermal Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Carbonization and Pellet Production from Egeria densa and Lemna minor

Álvarez

Cancela

Freitas

et al. 2020

Plants

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Biofuels are seen as a potential option for mitigating the effects of fossil fuel use. On the other hand, nutrient pollution is accelerating eutrophication rates in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. Harvesting aquatic plants to produce biofuels could mitigate this problem, though it is important to attack the problem at source, mainly as regards the contribution of nutrients. For the first time, solid biofuels were obtained in the forms of carbon and pellets from the aquatic plants Egeria densa, which is classed as an invasive plant under the Spanish Catalogue of Exotic Invasive Species, and Lemna minor, both of which can be found in the Umia River in north-west Spain. The essential oils and macro- and microelements present in both these plants were also extracted and analyzed. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the carbon products obtained ranged from 14.28 to 17.25 MJ/kg. The ash content ranged from 22.69% to 49.57%. The maximum yield obtained for biochar for Egeria densa at 200 °C was 66.89%. Temperature significantly affects solid hydrochar yield. The HHVs of the pellets obtained ranged from 11.38 to 13.49 MJ/kg. The use of these species to obtain biofuels through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pellets is a novel and effective approach that will facilitate the removal of nutrients that cause eutrophication in the Umia River. The elements extracted show that harvesting these plants will help to remove excessive nutrients from the ecosystem.

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Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass: A Review

Cited by 76 publications

References 42 publications

A Comprehensive Review on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass and its Applications

A Comprehensive Review on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass and its Applications

The synthesis and performance analysis of various biomass‐based carbon materials for electric double‐layer capacitors: A review

Hydrothermal Carbonization and Pellet Production from Egeria densa and Lemna minor

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