Hydrotechnical advances in Canadian river ice science and engineering during the past 35 years

Beltaos, Spyros; Burrell, Brian C.

doi:10.1139/cjce-2014-0540

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Velocities due to jam releases can be much larger than those produced during open-water events, and even a short surge can cause significant scour (Beltaos et al 2003). An observed and measured pulse in suspended sediment also accompanies the jam release and further demonstrates the erosion capacity of the event (Beltaos 2015). The large sediment transport event that occurs at some point during the breakup is often attributed to the impact of the ice-jam release wave (Prowse 2001).…”

Section: Ice-jam Release/javesmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Because of the lack of field data, it is not certain if these guidelines are appropriate for ice scour. Measurement of ice scour during most ice events is difficult due to safety concerns and potential damage to instruments (Beltaos and Burrell 2015).…”

Section: Ice Scourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muste et al (2000) found that the presence of a rough cover in a flume decreased overall rates of sediment transport but increased the proportion of sediment moving in suspension. The presence of structures alone increases the risk for localized scour, and the impact of such localized erosion is an important factor to consider in design and operation of such structures (Beltaos and Burrell 2015).…”

Section: General Aggradation and Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frazil ice jams may also become bankfast, providing a pressurized ice cover that is very rough and more likely to af-fect velocities. An element of direct scour that can be attributed to an attached sheet-ice cover is bank material displacement as bankfast ice is released into the channel (Beltaos and Burrell 2015).…”

Section: Ice Hydraulic Scour 411 Pressurized Ice Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of modeling flow approaching navigation locks

Carr¹,

Dahl²

2017

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Ice in navigation channels and around structures can cause significant damage that requires expensive repairs. This damage can also trigger delays that have the potential to disrupt the entire navigation system, well beyond the reach of the stretches of water directly impacted by ice. One example is upstream of Melvin Price Lock and Dam where ice-induced scour was repaired at a cost in excess of $1,000,000 and the scour hole reappeared within a year of the repair. Therefore, this report outlines the risks to navigation and structures, including a review of the available literature.

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Section: Ice-jam Release/javesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Ice Scourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Aggradation and Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ice Hydraulic Scour 411 Pressurized Ice Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of modeling flow approaching navigation locks

Carr¹,

Dahl²

2017

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“…A dramatic increase in bedrock resistivity was observed with the onset of freezing ground conditions; this can impact a wide range of infrastructure (e.g., dams, hydropower generation), ecologic (e.g., alteration of fish and benthic habitats), and hydraulic functions (e.g., river storage, baseflow) (Beltaos and Burrell, 2015). The formation of a highly resistive zone consistent with a seasonal frost front within the unsaturated portion of the riverbank (Fig.…”

Section: Formation Of Ground Frost and Anchor Icementioning

confidence: 97%

Electrical resistivity dynamics beneath a fractured sedimentary bedrock riverbed in response to temperature and groundwater–surface water exchange

Steelman

Kennedy

Capes

et al. 2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Bedrock rivers occur where surface water flows along an exposed rock surface. Fractured sedimentary bedrock can exhibit variable groundwater residence times, anisotropic flow paths, and heterogeneity, along with diffusive exchange between fractures and rock matrix. These properties of the rock will affect thermal transients in the riverbed and groundwater-surface water exchange. In this study, surface electrical methods were used as a non-invasive technique to assess the scale and temporal variability of riverbed temperature and groundwater-surface water interaction beneath a sedimentary bedrock riverbed. Conditions were monitored at a semi-daily to semi-weekly interval over a full annual period that included a seasonal freeze-thaw cycle. Surface electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods captured conditions beneath the riverbed along a pool-riffle sequence of the Eramosa River in Canada. Geophysical datasets were accompanied by continuous measurements of aqueous specific conductance, temperature, and river stage. Time-lapse vertical temperature trolling within a lined borehole adjacent to the river revealed active groundwater flow zones along fracture networks within the upper 10 m of rock. EMI measurements collected during cooler high-flow and warmer lowflow periods identified a spatiotemporal riverbed response that was largely dependent upon riverbed morphology and seasonal groundwater temperature. Time-lapse ERT profiles across the pool and riffle sequence identified seasonal transients within the upper 2 and 3 m of rock, respectively, with spatial variations controlled by riverbed morphology (pool versus riffle) and dominant surficial rock properties (competent versus weathered rock rubble surface). While the pool and riffle both exhibited a dynamic resistivity through seasonal cooling and warming cycles, conditions beneath the pool were more variable, largely due to the formation of river ice during the winter season. We show that surface electrical resistivity methods have the capacity to detect and resolve electrical resistivity transience beneath a fractured bedrock riverbed in response to porewater temperature and specific conductance fluctuations over a complete annual cycle.

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Cryohydrology in Canada: A brief history

Woo

2019

Hydrological Processes

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| INTRODUCTIONCryohydrology (from Greek, κρυος meaning cold), or hydrology at low temperatures, concerns snow, ice, frozen ground, and cold waters. It is the hydrology of cold regions, and being a special case of general hydrology, cryohydrology possesses all the salient attributes of hydrology but adds layer of complexity that modifies the occurrence, storage, release, and movement of water in its several natural states as solid, liquid, and gas (Table 1).There are several features of note in cryohydrology:• The hydrology of cold regions is highly sensitive to variations in the supply and loss of energy at or near the freezing point of water.• Cryohydrology is influenced by many processes that are present in noncryospheric regions, though coldness affects the intensity, timing, and duration that such processes are active (e.g., evaporation is rendered inactive or is subdued by winter coldness).• Coldness decouples the time when water (in its various states) is received and when it is released at particular sites or at the scale of a drainage basin. This is related to the storage aspect of the water balance. Snow is stored for days, the entire winter, or even multiple years before melt events generate run-off, and it is similar for lake and river ice. Ground ice can be kept seasonally or remain for centuries, as does glacier ice. • Coldness leads to concentration or cessation of certain hydrological activities during particular parts of the year. For example, endof-winter snowmelt and break-up of river ice give rise to spring freshets, and summer melt of glaciers produces hydrograph rises in the warm season; conversely, winter coldness curtails production of run-off, leading to low flow conditions. Hydrological forecasts are facilitated by the moderately regular occurrence of seasonal events. • Cold regions produce unique streamflow regimes (average seasonal pattern of discharge) related to freeze-thaw, snowmelt, and glacier melt, whereas other types of regimes manifested in rivers of most world regions are modified by persistent coldness (see Woo, 2012, for description of flow regimes). Canada, with a land surface area of approximately 10 million km 2 , is a cold country. About half of Canada retains a snow cover for at least 6 months each year and only low elevation zones in its southwest coast have January mean temperature rising above 0 C (Figure 1). With over 95% of Canada experiencing at least 1 month of below-zero mean air temperatures, cryohydrology permeates almost all aspects of Canadian hydrology, and the history of cryohydrology is necessarily entwined with the history of Canadian hydrology. 2 | WHEN CANADA WAS 100 YEARS OLD My course through the history of Canadian cryohydrology starts in 1967. At that time, hydrology was auxiliary to other subjects and practices. Large engineering ventures such as the Baie James hydroelectricity project made use of hydrology to supplement hydraulics;forestry and agriculture wanted hydrology for drainage and water supply, as did fishery; river ice was examined in rel...

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Hydrotechnical advances in Canadian river ice science and engineering during the past 35 years

Cited by 31 publications

References 56 publications

Validation of modeling flow approaching navigation locks

Validation of modeling flow approaching navigation locks

Electrical resistivity dynamics beneath a fractured sedimentary bedrock riverbed in response to temperature and groundwater–surface water exchange

Cryohydrology in Canada: A brief history

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