Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers

Enguita, Francisco J.; Leitão, Ana Lúcia

doi:10.1155/2013/542168

Cited by 171 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…In addition, benzoquinones are predicted to have ready biodegradability according to EPISuite [20] and other published works. [21] The electrochemical reactions of the quinone species used for this work were previously studied and shown to have reversible redox reactions. [22] In acidic conditions, the redox reactions involve a single-step two electron two-proton process, while in alkaline conditions, the redox reactions involve two electrons process with no proton involved.…”

Section: Chemistry Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Metal‐Free and Biotically Degradable Battery for Portable Single‐Use Applications

Esquivel

Alday

Ibrahim

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generated after their disposal. The large quantities of WEEE and the wide variety of materials they often contain (ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, noblemetal, chemicals, glass, and plastics) have raised a serious alarm on their potential adverse health and environmental consequences when incorrectly disposed of. Moreover, this waste can be regarded as a resource of valuable materials (e.g., Au, Pt, Li) that if not recovered, has to be extracted again, resulting in natural resource depletion and environmental degradation. Recovering these metals and satisfying the demand for cheap secondhand equipment has become profitable business in emerging economies, which has turned Asia (in particular, China and India) and Africa into recipients of 90% of globally exported WEEE. [1] However, dismantling procedures are often carried out in inappropriate infrastructures with discarded components being openly incinerated and disposed of in unlined landfills that lack monitoring of leachate recovery systems of any kind. Due to their content of heavy metals, batteries are one of the most hazardous components of e-waste. For this reason, many Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries have established regulations on the maximum permitted content of certain metals such as mercury or cadmium and the mandatory recycling of spent batteries. [2] Lithium-ion batteries are today the most predominant energy sources in portable applications because of their high energy density, low sensitivity to temperature variations, and no memory effect when recharging. [3] However, they are starting to raise important concerns related to the relatively low abundance of lithium metal-which is likely to increase the environmental impact of its extraction methods-and the large amount of CO 2 generated during battery manufacturing. In fact, its life cycle assessment determines that the use of lithium is only justified in rechargeable applications beyond hundreds of cycles, which clearly prohibits its use as primary batteries. [3,4] Despite all these worrying facts, battery recycling is far from meeting the goals set in developed regions (less than 30% of sold batteries are collected for proper recycling) and it is practically inexistent in low resource settings. [5] The most alarming issue is that consumption of batteries is expected to rise significantly in the following years due to the growth of small-sized portable appliances in the Information and Communications Technology This article presents a new approach for environmentally benign, low-cost batteries intended for single-use applications. The proposed battery is designed and fabricated using exclusively organic materials such as cellulose, carbon, and wax and features an integrated quinone-based redox chemistry to generate electricity within a compact form factor. This primary capillary flow battery is activated by the addition of a liquid sample and has shown continuous operation up to 100 min with an output voltage ...

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Section: Chemistry Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Metal‐Free and Biotically Degradable Battery for Portable Single‐Use Applications

Esquivel

Alday

Ibrahim

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…53,54 The quinone species are therefore considered to satisfy the majority of the disposable battery criteria. A preliminary discharge experiment in a microfluidic cell is therefore conducted to establish a proof-of-concept for the all-quinone chemistry.…”

Section: Reactant Chemistry Requirements and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Redox Chemistries for Single-Use Biodegradable Capillary Flow Batteries

Ibrahim

Alday

Sabaté

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The rate of battery waste generation is rising dramatically worldwide due to increased use and consumption of electronic devices. A new class of portable and biodegradable capillary flow batteries was recently introduced as a solution for single-use disposable applications. The concept utilizes stored organic redox species and supporting electrolytes inside a dormant capillary flow cell which is activated by the dropwise addition of aqueous liquid. Herein, various organic redox species are systematically evaluated for prospective use in disposable capillary flow cells with regards to their electrochemical characteristics, solubility, storability and biodegradability. Qualitative ex-situ techniques are first applied to assess half-cell solubility, redox potential and kinetics, followed by quantitative in-situ measurements of discharge performance of selected redox chemistries in a microfluidic cell with flow-through porous electrodes. Para-benzoquinone in oxalic acid and either hydroquinone sulfonic acid or ascorbic acid in potassium hydroxide are identified for the positive and negative half-cells, respectively, yielding a maximum discharge power density of 50 mW/cm 2 . A prototype capillary flow battery using the same redox chemistries demonstrates robust cell voltages above 1.0 V and maximum discharge power of 1.9 mW. These results show that practical primary battery performance can be achieved with biodegradable chemistries in a disposable device. The market demand for small-size single-use electronic devices such as portable sensors and diagnostic devices has been rising drastically in recent years. The power needs of such devices have so far been met by Li-ion batteries and other primary battery technologies, resulting in a consequent rise in their consumption. These batteries often contain heavy metals and strong electrolytes which make them one of the most hazardous components of electronic waste.1 In addition, the majority of the primary Li batteries used globally are not recycled nor properly disposed of, thus ending up in landfills without regulations.2 In applications that do not require long discharge times and have modest capacity requirements such as medical devices, these batteries are not even fully discharged before being disposed of. This requires further resources for re-extracting the materials if not recovered, which is not sustainable and raises concerns about the abundance of these resources. The end-of-life fate of these batteries and their life cycle assessment therefore only justifies the use in rechargeable applications beyond hundreds of cycles.3,4 These issues trigger a worrying concern about associated future environmental hazards from the battery waste generation and urgently call for novel alternatives, tightened environmental policies and switching the linear consumption habit of "take-make-dispose" for these primary batteries into a circular economy model. This approach utilizes novel concepts such as green electronics and cradle-to-cradle design to eliminate waste from the conc...

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“…This is worrisome as much importance is (Enguita and Leitao, 2013). Dissolved borates in attached to photography as means of preserving high concentration show some toxicity on plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Genotoxic Effect of Photographic Effluent Using<i> Allium cepa</i> Assay

Obidi¹,

Njoku²,

Akinmolayan³

2017

Nig. J. Biotechnol

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Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers

Cited by 171 publications

References 93 publications

A Metal‐Free and Biotically Degradable Battery for Portable Single‐Use Applications

A Metal‐Free and Biotically Degradable Battery for Portable Single‐Use Applications

Evaluation of Redox Chemistries for Single-Use Biodegradable Capillary Flow Batteries

Evaluation of Genotoxic Effect of Photographic Effluent Using<i> Allium cepa</i> Assay

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