Hydroquinone and Heavy Metals Levels in Cosmetics Marketed in Nigeria

Oyedeji, F. O.; Hassan, G.O.; Adeleke, B. B.

doi:10.3923/tasr.2011.622.639

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Cosmetic products are articles or preparations designed to be used on various parts of the human body for the purpose of cleaning, perfuming, protecting, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering appearance without changing the body's structure and operation (Adepoju-Bello et al, 2012;Oyedeji et al, 2011). Cosmetics are of diverse types and may include any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product; these include skin moisturizers, perfumes, lipsticks and lip glosses, finger nail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, shampoo, hair colours and deodorant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain chemicals that are a part of cosmetic formulations have been found to be harmful and use of cosmetic products containing such chemicals portends danger for human health. Notable examples of such chemicals, though not exhaustive, include heavy metals, hydroquinone, steroids and nitrosamines (Adepoju-Bello et al, 2012;SCCS,2012;WHO,2011;Oyedeji et al, 2011;Nnoruka and Okoye, 2006;Nnorom et al, 2005;Adebajo, 2002 ). It is unfortunate that despite regulations put in place to prevent/minimize the presence of such ingredients in cosmetics brands, heavy metals, organic and inorganic chemicals substances are still present in them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria

Nduka¹,

Odiba²,

Aghoghome³

et al. 2016

IJC

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Forty two different cosmetic samples consisting of 16 facial cosmetics, 6 soaps, 1 shower gel, 12 emulsions, 2 underarm cosmetics, 3 nail cosmetics and 2 perfumes were purchased from department stores and cosmetic shops within Onitsha Main Market and Eke-Awka in Anambra, Nigeria. Seven of these cosmetic (16.67%) were locally manufactured in Nigeria while thirty five (83.33%) were imported into Nigeria. The cosmetics were ashed before digestion and filtration. The filtrates were assayed for mercury and arsenic with AAS SearchTech AA320N. Hydroquinone presence was identified by chromatographic test while steroids, nitrite and N-nitrosamines were identified by colour test and together were assayed by UV-spectrophotometer (Spectrulab 21). The health risk assessment methods developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were employed to explore the potential human health risk of Mercury and Arsenic in cosmeticsamples. Results showed that two (2) of the cosmetic samples contained mercury ( 0.003 + 0.000mg/kg and 0.07 + 0.00mg/kg) while three cosmetic samples contained arsenic (0.002 + 0.000, 0.002+0.000 and 0.005 +0.000 mg/kg). Hydroquinone concentration ranged from 1.14 + 0.00 -1.83 + 0.03 mg/kg (1.14E-02 -1.83E-02 %).Steroid was found in only two samples with concentration of 16.70 + 0.74 mg/kg and 17.63 + 0.74 while N-nitrosamines and nitrite occurred in nine and eleven samples in the range of 4.66 + 0.09 -43.52 + 0.47 and 0.87 + 0.02 -13.42 + 2.90 respectively. The total cancer and non-cancer risk results indicated that although the chances of cancer risk and non-cancer risk resulting from the use of these cosmetic products were unlikely, build up of these heavy metals overtime on continuous usage could be detrimental.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria

Nduka¹,

Odiba²,

Aghoghome³

et al. 2016

IJC

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“…In this context, it had been reported that hydroquinone when applied at levels higher than the recommended could result in thinning of the skin, irreversible white patches where the melanin producing cells would have been destroyed and could act as an eye, nose, skin and mucous membrane, gastro-intestinal and respiratory irritant [6]. Also, increase in skin temperature could result in an increased flow rate of these compounds [7], hence that might lead to exposing skin to side effects as a result of these difficult environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in some instances the containers did not carry labeling and this may lead to bad handling. The expected hazards of such bad handling could be inspired from previous reports advising that these products must be placed at optimal room temperature, away from light and moisture [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Using Cosmetics Containing Hydroquinone among Sudanese Women

Osman¹,

Shayoub²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2015

JCDSA

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Many countries in the world wide banned hydroquinone in cosmetics skin lightening but it is still used in most of Africa countries, including Sudan. Few studies were carried out on the side effect of hydroquinone on Sudanese women. Therefore, the present study was carried out in Khartoum state in April to May/2014 to assess the awareness of Sudanese women about using hydroquinone and its probable risks. The results revealed that, highly using cosmetics containing hydroquinone by women aged between 20 -29 years (78.3%) as well as by those classified as single (69.6%). The results also showed that the highest percentage of women was using it during evening (81.2%) and a high percentage of them was using it for skin lightening (65.2%), followed by elimination acne (20.3%) and about 10.1% for both skin lightening and elimination of acne and very little (4.3%) for freckle elimination. Moreover, the results showed a very high percentage of women (94.2%) used the chemical without being prescribed by doctors and about (85.5%) of them didn't know its nature and risks on human health. Consequently, (50.7%) of women have had sides effects, (44.9 %) used more than one and (44.1%) used it regularly. In addition, the results revealed that a wide range of products of this chemical was available in local market with amalico (34.8%) being highly used. The study can conclude that the awareness of Sudanese women about this compound was poor and needs to be raised by health authorities.

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“…A cosmetic product is any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or applied to the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly for the purpose of cleaning, perfuming, protection, changing their appearance, correcting body odors' and keeping the surfaces in good condition [1,2]. Cosmetics are mixtures of some surfactants, oils and other ingredients and are required to be effective, long-lasting, stable and safe to human use The various forms of cosmetic include lipstick and lip gloss (used to color the lips); powder, and rouge (used to color the face, lightening and removing flaws to produce an impression of health and youth); mascara (used to enhance the eye lashes, eye liner and eye shadow (used to color the eye lids); and nail polish (used to color the fingernails and toenails [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of heavy metals in some cosmetics available in locally markets

Alsaffar¹

2014

IOSRJESTFT

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Hydroquinone and Heavy Metals Levels in Cosmetics Marketed in Nigeria

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria

Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria

Assessment of Using Cosmetics Containing Hydroquinone among Sudanese Women

Determination of heavy metals in some cosmetics available in locally markets

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