Hydropower and Biomass as Renewable Energy Sources in Turkey

Abstract

When talking about renewable energy sources today, the most important and economical energy sources for Turkey are hydropower and biomass. The present study gives a review of production, consumption, and economics of hydropowe r and biomass as renewable energy sources in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, biomass (wood and wastes) energy is the second most important renewable energy source for Turkey. However, the biomass energy sources of Turkey are limited. In 1998, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country is 10% . In this study, the potential of important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of the country were determined. The eVects of hydropower and biomass usage on the environment were also discussed. Considering total cereal products and fatty seed plants, approximately 50± 60 million tons per year of biomass and 8± 10 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 70% of total biomass is seen as being usable for energy. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented. The present study shows that there is an important potential for hydropower and biomass energy sources in Turkey.

Bi̇yokütle Enerji̇si̇ Isitma Amaçli Fosi̇l Yakitlara Alternati̇f Olabi̇li̇r Mi̇? Tra1 Bölgesi̇ Üzeri̇ne Tanimsal Bi̇r Anali̇z

“…BE'nin hidroelektrikten sonra ikinci önemli enerji kaynağı olduğu ve Türkiye'nin enerji ihtiyacının % 10'un BE ile karşılanabileceği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, BE'nin enerji talebini karşılama, çevresel kirliliği ve yenilenemez enerji bağımlılığını azaltma ve gelir getirici sürdürülebilir kırsal kalkınmayı sağlama gibi etkilerinin olduğundan bahsedilmiştir (Kaygusuz, 2001). 2009 yılında Sevim, enerji güvenliğinin gelecek senaryosunda en önemli konulardan birisi olduğunu, yerel enerji kaynaklarından enerji elde etmenin enerji güvenliğini sağlamak için önemli bir araç olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.…”

The role of energy systems on hydropower in Turkey

“…These studies conclude that an additional technical hydroelectric 5 E3S Web of Conferences 22, 00197 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20172200197 ASEE17 energy potential of 57 TWh/year could be utilizable. 38 TWh/year of hydroelectric energy potential, corresponding to two-thirds of this additional potential, has been estimated to be economically utilizable, so the total economically utilizable hydroelectric potential of Turkey will reach 164 TWh/year [10,25,[32][33][34][35].…”

“…The largest and most comprehensive regional development project ever implemented by DSI in Turkey is "The Southeast Anatolian (GAP) Project", which is located in the region of Southeast Anatolia on the Euprates and Tigris Rivers and their tributaries, which originate in Turkey [25][26][27][28][29][30]. By 2004, 203 small hydro projects (with installed capacities of less than 10 MW) were at various stages of development.…”

Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future

“…Most renewable sources of energy hydroelectricity generation are capital intensive but have lower operational costs than thermal and nuclear options. The high initial cost is a serious barrier for its growth in developing countries where most of the untapped economic potential is located (Kaygusuz, 2001). …”