Hydrophones, fundamental features, design considerations, and various structures: A review

Saheban, Hamid; Kordrostami, Zoheir

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2021.112790

Cited by 45 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 415 publications

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“…At the same time, the noise-signaling situation corresponded to an inequality of the form U s /U i ≥15 dB, where U s -electric voltage on the useful signal recorder, U i -electric voltage of the interference. The implementation of the cases of operation of the source in a certain mode corresponded to the ideology of works [10,14] in terms of the formation of spatial selectivity with appropriate matching of the resistances of the generator and electromechanical converter [15].…”

Section: H Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of partial areas method in the problem of sound radiation by a sphere in a waveguide with soft acoustically boundaries

Korzhyk

Naida

Zheliaskova

et al. 2021

EEJET

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The paper considers the features of the formation of an acoustic field by a spherical source with complicated properties in a regular plane-parallel waveguide, which is of practical importance in marine instrumentation and oceanographic research. The calculation algorithm is based on the use of the Helmholtz equation and the Fourier method for each partial region and the conjugation conditions on their boundaries. The presented calculation allows one to get rid of the idealized boundary conditions on the source surface, with the subsequent determination of the excitation coefficients of the waveguide modes within the framework of the Sturm-Liouville problem. In this case, the attraction of the boundary conditions on the surface and the bottom of the sea, as well as the Sommerfeld conditions, makes it possible to obtain the real distribution of the field in the vertical sections of the waveguide. The obtained frequency dependences of the pressure and vibrational velocity components show their amplitude-phase differences, which reach 90 degrees, which partially explains the appearance of singular points in the intensity field in a regular waveguide. It has been determined that multiple reflections of sound waves from the boundaries of the working space and the space of the waveguide cause oscillations of the pressure components with a change in the amplitude level up to 6 dB. It was found that with an increase in the size of the source, a kind of resonance is formed in the working space, the frequency of which depends on the depth of the sea and corresponds to the region kr=x=5.8. It was found that when the acoustic field is formed in the working space, the frequency response of the impedance components is represented as a multiresonant dependence formed on the basis of the frequency characteristics of the lower modes and their combinations. Experimental studies have shown that the results of calculations of the mode composition of the acoustic field of the emitter, obtained in the conditions of the pool, correspond to the spatial characteristics of the mode components of the acoustic field with an error of up to 3 dB

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Section: H Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of partial areas method in the problem of sound radiation by a sphere in a waveguide with soft acoustically boundaries

Korzhyk

Naida

Zheliaskova

et al. 2021

EEJET

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“…Research and development of hydrophones have grown rapidly in the 20 th century and is still increasingly studies field [1]. The hydrophone application ranges from geophysics-volcanologic monitoring to underwater military applications such as submarine location, and civilian uses such as monitoring sea animals [1]. A forefront research field relies on the development of ultrathin hydrophone arrays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, almost 71 % of the earth's surface is covered with water and the need of seismic monitoring to retrieve key information on tectonic movements is not limited to the mainland. Therefore, high performance underwater acoustic detection equipment is urgently required to provide widespread monitoring systems, in which hydrophones are considered as one of the core components [1]. In example, in Southern Italy, west of the city of Napoli is located the Campi Flegrei caldera that continuously exhibits an intense activity and extends from the land to the sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber optic hydrophones for underwater monitoring

Bruno

Janneh

Guardato

et al. 2023

European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS 2023)

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We report on the development and field test of fiber optic hydrophones (FOHs). In details, we focused on the development of acoustic hydrophones for towed arrays applications and seismic hydrophones for seismological monitoring applications. In both cases, the sensing configuration is based on a Michelson interferometer where a fiber coil is wrapped around a compliant mandrel acting as a sensitive element. For the first application, acoustic hydrophones were characterized in an instrumented tank at Leonardo Finmeccanica premises. The hydrophone exhibited a responsivity of about 19 nm/Pa in the frequency range 3÷10 kHz with a resolution down to 300μPa /√Hz. The same FOHs were used as a basic building block to develop a towed array with five elements. By using the same enabling technology, but tailoring the physical and geometrical properties of hydrophones, we developed seismic hydrophones. The sensing system was integrated in the seismologic monitoring system and installed at Campi-Flegrei caldera. During the field trials, we detected several earthquakes occurred in the area and compared the results with a reference piezoelectric hydrophone. The seismic sequence was used to retrieve the sensor responsivity in the frequency range 1-80Hz. The sensing system exhibited a responsivity of about 300nm/Pa and an average noise floor level down to 100μPa/√Hz. The reported field trials demonstrated the capability of FOHs to operate in relevant environments and realistic scenarios.

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“…However, the actual density of the ambient water is usually flexible, making the zero-buoyancy condition not easy to meet, especially in the sea application. Therefore, it is necessary to suspend the vector hydrophone onto the mooring rope of the array for a position-fixed vibration [ 31 ]. In general, the suspension is flexible to avoid interfering with the signal pick-up as much as possible, which is also conducive to suppressing the vibration from the attached mooring rope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a well-designed suspension system, it should have the ability to isolate the vibration from the attached mooring rope, so as to suppress the mechanical noise [ 31 ]. Although traditional OSSS can meet the demand of many applications, its ability of mechanical noise suppression is not enough when faced with the increasing demand of the weak signal detection [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Two-Stage Suspension System of the Fiber Optic Vector Hydrophone for Isolating the Vibration from the Mooring Rope

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The two-stage suspension system (TSSS) is designed for the fiber optic vector hydrophone (FOVH) to isolate the vibration from the mooring rope. The acceleration transmissibility of the TSSS is studied theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the TSSS has a major advantage over the traditional one-stage suspension system (OSSS). Typically, the vibration isolation of the TSSS is demonstrated to be over 25 dB higher than that of the OSSS at 100 Hz. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the TSSS has little negative influence on the in-band acceleration response of the FOVH. The TSSS has the prospect of reducing the mechanical noise of the FOVH, which is conducive to suppressing the self-noise and enhancing the ability of weak signal detection.

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Hydrophones, fundamental features, design considerations, and various structures: A review

Cited by 45 publications

References 415 publications

Application of partial areas method in the problem of sound radiation by a sphere in a waveguide with soft acoustically boundaries

Application of partial areas method in the problem of sound radiation by a sphere in a waveguide with soft acoustically boundaries

Fiber optic hydrophones for underwater monitoring

The Two-Stage Suspension System of the Fiber Optic Vector Hydrophone for Isolating the Vibration from the Mooring Rope

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