“…However, melamine is toxic and can cause many serious health issues, including reproduction damage, bladder infection, kidney stones, acute kidney failure, bladder cancer, and infant death [ 60 ]. The detection of melamine in milk samples (non-detectable) requires an extremely high resolution, and hence recent microfluidic devices for melamine analysis generally use high-sensitivity detection techniques such as electrochemistry (EC) [ 61 , 62 ], colorimetric AuNP sensing [ 63 , 64 ], surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [ 65 , 66 ], and immunosensor [ 67 , 68 ]. For example, Li et al [ 62 ] developed a microfluidic EC DNA-based sensor platform for continuous, real-time melamine detection in whole milk samples.…”