Hydrophobic Membranes as Liquid Junction-Free Reference Electrodes

Bakker, Eric

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199907)11:10/11<788::aid-elan788>3.0.co;2-4

Cited by 46 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Several approaches have been proposed to eliminate the conventional liquid junction, including the use of hydrophobic anion‐exchanger membranes loaded with polyanions such as heparin 10, 11, or hydrophobic polymeric membranes doped with lipophilic salts 12–15 or ionic liquids 16–18. All these methods take advantage of a water‐immiscible organic phase that replaces the aqueous salt bridge that is conventionally used to separate the reference half‐cell from the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquid Reference Electrodes With a Well‐Controlled Co(II)/Co(III) Redox Buffer as Solid Contact

et al. 2014

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Solid‐contact reference electrodes that comprise a polymeric reference membrane doped with an ionic liquid are an alternative to conventional reference electrodes with a salt bridge. To enhance the electrode‐to‐electrode reproducibility of solid‐contact reference electrodes, a hydrophobic redox buffer consisting of the Co(III) and Co(II) complexes of 1,10‐phenanthroline ([Co(phen)3]3+/2+) was incorporated into these reference membranes, providing redox buffer capacity at the interface of the reference membrane and the underlying solid electron conductor. As required for proper functioning, the E° of these reference electrodes is not sample dependent and exhibits a good electrode‐to‐electrode reproducibility, with a standard deviation as low as 2.1 mV.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquid Reference Electrodes With a Well‐Controlled Co(II)/Co(III) Redox Buffer as Solid Contact

et al. 2014

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“…First liquid junction-free SSRE prototypes only functioned under ideal or extremely well-defined conditions, which reduced the number of applications they could be used for [2, 3]. Later, Lee et al reported the insensitivity of some polyurethane polymers as membranes for coated-wire type of SSRE [4], but medium- and long-term stability tests were not detailed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-state reference electrodes based on carbon nanotubes and polyacrylate membranes

et al. 2011

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A novel potentiometric solid-state reference electrode containing single-walled carbon nanotubes as the transducer layer between a polyacrylate membrane and the conductor is reported here. Single-walled carbon nanotubes act as an efficient transducer of the constant potentiometric signal originating from the reference membrane containing the Ag/AgCl/Cl− ions system, and they are needed to obtain a stable reference potentiometric signal. Furthermore, we have taken advantage of the light insensitivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes to improve the analytical performance characteristics of previously reported solid-state reference electrodes. Four different polyacrylate polymers have been selected in order to identify the most efficient reservoir for the Ag/AgCl system. Finally, two different arrangements have been assessed: (1) a solid-state reference electrode using photo-polymerised n-butyl acrylate polymer and (2) a thermo-polymerised methyl methacrylate:n-butyl acrylate (1:10) polymer. The sensitivity to various salts, pH and light, as well as time of response and stability, has been tested: the best results were obtained using single-walled carbon nanotubes and photo-polymerised n-butyl acrylate polymer. Water transport plays an important role in the potentiometric performance of acrylate membranes, so a new screening test method has been developed to qualitatively assess the difference in water percolation between the polyacrylic membranes studied. The results presented here open the way for the true miniaturisation of potentiometric systems using the excellent properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

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“…This concept, while illustrative, is only useful in extremely rare cases and has been thoroughly discussed elsewhere [38,39].…”

Section: Two Ion-selective Electrode (Ise) Membranes Connected Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference Electrodes with Polymer-Based Membranes—Comprehensive Performance Characteristics

et al. 2019

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Several types of liquid membrane and solid-state reference electrodes based on different plastics were fabricated. In the membranes studied, equitransferent organic (QB) and inorganic salts (KCl) are dispersed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), as well as remelted KCl in order to show the matrix impact on the reference membranes’ behavior. The comparison of potentiometic performance was made using specially designed standardized testing protocols. A problem in the reference electrode research and literature has been a lack of standardized testing, which leads to difficulties in comparing different types, qualities, and properties of reference electrodes. Herein, several protocols were developed to test the electrodes’ performance with respect to stability over time, pH sensitivity, ionic strength, and various ionic species. All of the prepared reference electrodes performed well in at least some respect and would be suitable for certain applications as described in the text. Most of the reference types, however, demonstrated some weakness that had not been previously highlighted in the literature, due in large part to the lack of exhaustive and/or consistent testing protocols.

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Hydrophobic Membranes as Liquid Junction-Free Reference Electrodes

Cited by 46 publications

References 19 publications

Ionic Liquid Reference Electrodes With a Well‐Controlled Co(II)/Co(III) Redox Buffer as Solid Contact

Ionic Liquid Reference Electrodes With a Well‐Controlled Co(II)/Co(III) Redox Buffer as Solid Contact

Solid-state reference electrodes based on carbon nanotubes and polyacrylate membranes

Reference Electrodes with Polymer-Based Membranes—Comprehensive Performance Characteristics

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