“…The solid-liquid phase diagrams measured for the mixtures studied in this work using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allowed the melting temperatures (Tm) to be measured in the molar ratio ranges in which the HDESs remained liquid at room temperature and could therefore be used as solvents. The experimental diagrams of mixtures of terpenes (L-menthol, DL-menthol, thymol, carvacrol, alpha-terpineol, and fenchyl) and 10-undecenoic acid are displayed in Figure 1 Although the melting point depressions are relatively small and near those predicted, in many cases, assuming an ideal liquid phase allows for the formation of liquid mixtures Although the melting point depressions are relatively small and near those predicted, in many cases, assuming an ideal liquid phase allows for the formation of liquid mixtures at room temperature while the starting compounds are solid [23,54,55]. Therefore, the molecular interactions established in the mixture are similar to and of the same strength as those present in the liquid phases of the initial components (hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of a similar nature) [5,19,56].…”
Separating hydroalcoholic mixtures remains a significant challenge in engineering. Liquid–liquid extraction has emerged as an appealing alternative method, because it avoids the need for the large energy inputs, volatile organic compounds, and high pressures that are typically required by other separation processes. This study explores the use of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) composed of terpenes and 10-undecenoic acid as extraction agents for the liquid–liquid separation of hydroalcoholic mixtures composed of alcohols (ethanol, propan-1-ol, and propan-2-ol) and water. The water content in the solvents studied was notably low, reflecting their hydrophobic nature. For the dried HDES samples, the water content ranged from 553 to 4901 ppm. In contrast, the water-saturated samples exhibited higher water contents, ranging from 7250 to 20,864 ppm. The HDES based on thymol, DL-menthol, and L-menthol displayed a eutectic point at an xterpenes of approximately 0.67. These mixtures maintained a liquid state up to a mole fraction of terpenes around 0.75. In contrast, the HDES composed of carvacrol, fenchyl alcohol, and α-terpineol exhibited their eutectic point at an xterpenes near 0.5. Notably, these mixtures remained in a liquid state across the entire composition range studied. The 2:1 molar ratio (HBA:HBD) presented the best values for extracting alcohols, reaching 34.04%, 36.59%, and 39.78% for ethanol, propan-2-ol, and propan-1-ol, respectively. These results show that HDES can be applied to overcome issues with existing extraction solvents, increasing the separation efficiency and making the process eco-friendly.
“…The solid-liquid phase diagrams measured for the mixtures studied in this work using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allowed the melting temperatures (Tm) to be measured in the molar ratio ranges in which the HDESs remained liquid at room temperature and could therefore be used as solvents. The experimental diagrams of mixtures of terpenes (L-menthol, DL-menthol, thymol, carvacrol, alpha-terpineol, and fenchyl) and 10-undecenoic acid are displayed in Figure 1 Although the melting point depressions are relatively small and near those predicted, in many cases, assuming an ideal liquid phase allows for the formation of liquid mixtures Although the melting point depressions are relatively small and near those predicted, in many cases, assuming an ideal liquid phase allows for the formation of liquid mixtures at room temperature while the starting compounds are solid [23,54,55]. Therefore, the molecular interactions established in the mixture are similar to and of the same strength as those present in the liquid phases of the initial components (hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of a similar nature) [5,19,56].…”
Separating hydroalcoholic mixtures remains a significant challenge in engineering. Liquid–liquid extraction has emerged as an appealing alternative method, because it avoids the need for the large energy inputs, volatile organic compounds, and high pressures that are typically required by other separation processes. This study explores the use of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) composed of terpenes and 10-undecenoic acid as extraction agents for the liquid–liquid separation of hydroalcoholic mixtures composed of alcohols (ethanol, propan-1-ol, and propan-2-ol) and water. The water content in the solvents studied was notably low, reflecting their hydrophobic nature. For the dried HDES samples, the water content ranged from 553 to 4901 ppm. In contrast, the water-saturated samples exhibited higher water contents, ranging from 7250 to 20,864 ppm. The HDES based on thymol, DL-menthol, and L-menthol displayed a eutectic point at an xterpenes of approximately 0.67. These mixtures maintained a liquid state up to a mole fraction of terpenes around 0.75. In contrast, the HDES composed of carvacrol, fenchyl alcohol, and α-terpineol exhibited their eutectic point at an xterpenes near 0.5. Notably, these mixtures remained in a liquid state across the entire composition range studied. The 2:1 molar ratio (HBA:HBD) presented the best values for extracting alcohols, reaching 34.04%, 36.59%, and 39.78% for ethanol, propan-2-ol, and propan-1-ol, respectively. These results show that HDES can be applied to overcome issues with existing extraction solvents, increasing the separation efficiency and making the process eco-friendly.
“…More importantly, the hydrophilic DESs were found to be virtually completely dissociated into their initial components in the separation medium due to the destruction of their hydrogen-bond networks. Therefore, there is a need for further exploration of DES-based CE systems, where DESs can function as either a single entity or even as the separation media. , …”
Section: Methods Development and Technology Advancesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, there is a need for further exploration of DES-based CE systems, where DESs can function as either a single entity or even as the separation media. 83,84 Organic Solvents. The merits of using organic solvents as modifiers/solvents have been demonstrated in a number of publications.…”
This review provides an overview of recent works focusing on the determination of amino acids (AAs) and peptides using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and ultraviolet (UV) detection, which is the most widespread detection in capillary electromigration techniques, without pre‐capillary derivatization. Available options for the UV detection of these analytes, such as indirect detection, complexation with transition metal ions, and in‐capillary derivatization are described. Developments in the field of direct detection of UV‐absorbing AAs and peptides as well as progress in chiral separation are described. A separate section is dedicated to using on‐line sample preconcentration methods combined with capillary electrophoresis‐UV.
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