Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for preconcentration and determination of trace cadmium and arsenic in wine samples

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

“…Currently, studies on the synthesis and application of HDESs for the extraction of a great variety of analytes from food matrices have expanded rapidly, which has led to an increase in the number of articles published in recent years. As can be seen in Table 2, several HDESs have been used for the extraction of both organic (phthalic acid esters [18,96,99], dyes [97,104,110,117], PAHs [17,85], sterols [98], pesticides [100,105,112,122,124,126,127], herbicides [102], insecticides [125], preservatives [101], pigments [86], antibiotics [87,103,108,114], fluorescent whitening agents [106], vitamins [107], mycotoxins [16], bisphenols [115], perfluoroalkyl substances [120] and terpenes [121]) and inorganic compounds (Co, Cd, Ni, As, V and Pb [109,111,113,116,118,119,123]) from aqueous phases (water [96,113,118,124], soft drinks…”

“…In this sense, it is important to highlight that in certain cases, no additional solvents have been necessary to obtain a good dispersion of the HDES into the sample [18,86,[96][97][98]110]. Instead, the DLLME procedure has been assisted in different ways, including the vortex-assisted DLLME [86,97,99,100,104,106], ultrasound-assisted DLLME [16,85,87,101,113,116,123,124], air-assisted [109] and microwave-assisted DLLME [128]. However, other versions have also been used, such as DLLME based on the solidification of the floating organic drop (SFO) [18,115,122,126]; salting out-DLLME-back extraction or salt induced-homogenous liquid-liquid extraction-DLLME, in which a salt is added (e.g., NaCl, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 or NH 4 Cl) to reduce the solubility of the analytes in water and to increase their distribution coefficients in the organic phase [108,114]; effervescence-assisted DLLME in which an effervescent reaction between a proton donor solvent (acetic acid, which has been previously mixed with HDES in a 3:1 (v/v) ratio) and an effervescent agent (sodium bicarbonate) is produced generating carbon dioxide that facilitates the dispersion of the extraction solvent (HDES, see Figure 2) [117]; or even the combination of DLLME with a previous extraction and clean-up stage, such as the QuEChERS method, in which the extracted supernatant was used as a dispersant in the following DLLME for further purification and preconcentration [112].…”

“…These separation techniques have been coupled to different detection systems, including UV [18,87,96,97,99,103,107,110,112,124,125], DAD [86,104,114], variable wavelength detectors [98], FD [17,101], MS [102,[120][121][122], MS/MS [85,115], FID [105,126,127] and ECD [100]. Other techniques have also been directly applied without a previous separation of the analytes, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy [16,117], fluorescence spectrometry [106] and AAS [109,111,113,116,118,119,123]. The combination of these techniques with the outstanding extraction performances shown by the synthesized HDESs has provided excellent sensitivity in all cases, with LODs in the low ppb level.…”

Determination of eight endocrine disruptor pesticides in bovine milk at trace levels by dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction followed by GC‐MS determination

“…DLLME has been successfully applied for the analysis of heavy metals; which include lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic [44‐47, 50, 53]. In addition, several compounds, such as sulfonamides [54], isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane and pyrethroid pesticides [55], nitrophenols [56], phenolic compounds[57], parabens [58], polychlorinated biphenyls [59], organophosphorus pesticides [60], organochlorine pesticides [61], organosulfur pesticides [62], fungicides [63], herbicides [52], triazole pesticides [64], as well as endocrine disruptor compounds, hormones, and pesticides simultaneously in different matrices have been studied through DLLME [65].…”

Synthesis and identification of meta-(4-bromobenzyloxy) benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (MBBOTSC) as novel ligand for cadmium extraction by ultrasound assisted-dispersive-ionic liquid-liquid micro extraction method

“…For healthy people, the mean cadmium concentration in human serum samples is less than 0.2 μg L -1 [25]. So, the determination of cadmium in water samples is an important concern for controlling toxicity [26,27]. The sensitive techniques such as the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) [28], the atom trap assist to flame atomic absorption spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AT-F-AAS, F-AAS) [29], inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) using thiosemicarbazide derivative on alumina [30], and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [31], was used for the determination of cadmium in water and wastewater samples.…”