“…To analyze biological matrices, a sample cleanup procedure is required prior to chromatographic analysis. Commonly used clean-up procedures are protein precipitation [24,47,48,51], liquid -liquid extraction (LLE) [15,21,31,33,35,44], and solid-phase extraction (SPE) [18,20,22,23,29,36,46,52]. Occasionally, for urine samples, no sample clean-up was performed, but they can be freeze-dried and reconstituted to concentrate the analytes [50].…”