Hydromagnetics of the magnetosphere

The Source of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Measured by Pioneer V

“…The endorsement meant an entrained corona magnetic field is carried by solar wind [24], along the nine planets to inflate the heliosphere [25], a concept concealed various ideas, and generated many others; with great impact on astrophysics; thus the IMF formed the bases for nearly all related theories with many interpretations, among which: The magnetosphere [26], envisioned as closed cavity [27], and the outer geomagnetic lines of force are thought to carry solar wind away [28], the solar wind was envisioned to flow around the cavity, and igniting aurora through reconnection mechanism [29], neutral points were introduced [30], changes in magnetic field intensity and direction is interpreted as neutral sheet [31], and geomagnetic lines of force are thought to connect with the IMF [32], the magnetic reconnection extended to activate solar flare eruption [33], and to explain the extremely high temperatures solar corona [34], it was also thought to play major role in energy release, hence it has been invoked to explain chromospheres eruptions and many solar phenomena [35]; thus the IMF interwoven in complicated explanations, such as the sector structure [36], which thought to reflect on solar coronal holes, as source of low and high solar winds speed [14].…”

Discovery of an Electron Gyroradius Scale Current Layer: Its Relevance to Magnetic Fusion Energy, Earth's Magnetosphere, and Sunspots

“…However, an ab initio solution of plasma diamagnetic effects had remained elusive with some of the most fundamental questions yet to be answered [11]. For example, there has been no definitive answer to the thickness of the diamagnetic current layer.…”