Hydrolytic fate of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside during digestion

Berthiller, Franz; Krska, Rudolf; Domig, Konrad J.; Kneifel, Wolfgang; Juge, Nathalie; Schuhmacher, Rainer; Adam, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.08.006

Cited by 209 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Using an in vitro digestion model, De Nijs et al (2012) showed similar results to Berthiller et al (2011), i.e. that DON3Glc is not hydrolysed under conditions typical of the upper parts of the human GI tract.…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Modified Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

103

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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Section: Bioavailability Of Modified Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

103

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“…and FHB. DON-3G, one of the several masked mycotoxins, is a phase II plant metabolite of the Fusarium mycotoxin DON (Berthiller et al, 2013) which could be hydrolysed in the digestive tract of mammals, thus contributing to the total dietary DON exposure of individuals (Berthiller et al, 2011). Moreover, data reported by Lemmens et al (2005) and by Cirlini et al (2014) support the hypothesis that, in resistant wheat lines, most of the DON is converted to DON-3G and this conversion mechanism actually seems to be related to their resistance to FHB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fungicide application to controlFusarium head blight and 20Fusarium andAlternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Scarpino

Reyneri

Sulyok

et al. 2015

WMJ

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Azole fungicides have been reported to be the most effective active substances in the control of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and in the reduction of the main mycotoxins that occur in cereal grain, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Four field experiments have been conducted in North West Italy, over a period of 2 growing seasons, in order to evaluate the effect of azole fungicide (prothioconazole) applications on the prevalence of emerging mycotoxins in common winter wheat under naturally-infected field conditions. Wheat samples have been analysed by means of a diluteand-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. Twenty fungal metabolites were detected: enniatins, aurofusarin, moniliformin, equisetin, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin, bikaverin, beauvericin, fumonisins, fusaric acid, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, decalonectrin, butenolide, tentoxin, alternariol and alternariol methyl ether. The most abundant fungal metabolites were DON and culmorin, with an average contamination in the untreated control of 1,360 µg/kg and 875 µg/kg, respectively, in the growing season with the highest disease pressure (2011)(2012). On average, the results have shown that the fungicide application significantly reduced the enniatins (from 127 µg/kg to 46 µg/kg), aurofusarin (from 62 µg/kg to 21 µg/kg), moniliformin (from 32 µg/kg to 16 µg/kg), tentoxin (from 5.2 µg/kg to 2.5 µg/kg) and equisetin (from 0.72 µg/kg to 0.06 µg/kg) contents in all the experiments. However, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and culmorin were only significantly reduced in the growing season with the highest disease pressure. The other fungal metabolites were mainly found in traces in the untreated plots. These results, which have been obtained in different environmental and agronomic conditions, have underlined for the first time that the fungicide usually applied to control the FHB and DON content, also consistently reduces the main emerging mycotoxins of winter wheat in temperate areas.

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“…Phase III comprises the compartmentalisation of the mycotoxins into the vacuole of the plant or binding to the cell wall (Berthiller et al, 2009a;Coleman et al, 1997;He et al, 2010;Zinedine et al, 2007). A potential risk for consumers is the possible hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins into their toxic parent forms during mammalian digestion (Grabley et al, 1992;Berthiller et al, 2011). The evaluation of masked mycotoxins is not (yet) available due to the lack of occurrence, bioavailability and toxicological data, however the Joint European Commission FAO/WHO Expert Committee (JECFA) considered DON3G and the acetylated forms 3ADON and 15ADON as an additional contributing factor of the total dietary exposure to DON (Codex, 2011;JECFA, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poppenberger et al (2003) already proved that DON3G dramatically reduces the ability to inhibit protein synthesis of wheat ribosomes in vitro. Recently, Berthiller et al (2011) showed the toxicological relevance of DON3G by demonstrating that several lactic acid bacteria can hydrolyse DON3G in vitro (Berthiller et al, 2011). However, Nagl et al (2012) demonstrated that DON3G is partially bioavailable in rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to mycotoxins and their masked forms through cereal-based foods in Belgium

et al. 2013

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In the present study, a quantitative dietary exposure assessment of mycotoxins and their masked forms was conducted on a national representative sample of the Belgian population using the contamination data of cereal-based foods. Cereal-based food products (n = 174) were analysed for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, and their respective masked forms, including, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, zearalenone-4-glucoside, α-zearalenol-4-glucoside, β-zearalenol-4-glucoside and zearalenone-4-sulfate.Fiber-enriched bread, bran-enriched bread, breakfast cereals, popcorn and oatmeal were collected in Belgian supermarkets according to a structured sampling plan and analysed during the period from April 2010 till October 2011. The habitual intake of these food groups was estimated from a national representative food intake survey. According to a probabilistic exposure analysis, the mean (and P95) mycotoxin intake for the sum of the deoxynivalenolequivalents, zearalenone-equivalents, and the sum of HT-2-and T-2-toxin for all cereal-based foods was 0.1162 (0.4047, P95), 0.0447 (0.1568, P95) and 0.0258 (0.0924, P95) µg kg -1 body weight day -1 , respectively. These values were below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) levels for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxin (1.0, 0.25 and 0.1 µg kg -1 body weight day -1 , respectively). The absolute level exceeding the TDI for all cereal-based foods was calculated, and recorded 0.85%, 2.75% and 4,11% of the Belgian population, respectively. KEYWORDS: mycotoxins,

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Hydrolytic fate of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside during digestion

Cited by 209 publications

References 23 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Effect of fungicide application to controlFusarium head blight and 20Fusarium andAlternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Human exposure to mycotoxins and their masked forms through cereal-based foods in Belgium

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