Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review

Stringfield, V. T.; LeGrand, Harry E.

doi:10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…1) springs belong to this group, as well as four shallow water supply wells located near the latter (Table 1, Figure 7). Notes: Q-discharge; T-temperature; EC-electrical conductivity; TDS-total dissolved solids; Th-total hardness, H 2 S-total; ions in "r" are in mg/eqv/L (1) Analyzed by Avgustinski et al [29]. (2) Analyzed by the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.…”

Section: Hydrogeochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karst aquifers are among the richest in groundwater on Earth [1][2][3][4][5], and globally provide drinking water to almost a quarter of the world population [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. They are used even more extensively in the Mediterranean area [15][16][17][18][19][20], and in south-eastern Europe where some large cities, including Tirana, are supplied with water from karst sources [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

Eftimi,

Liso,

Parise

2024

Hydrology

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Carbonate rocks cover about 23% of Albania, with exploitable karst water resources estimated at 2.84 × 109 m3/year (about 65% of the total exploitable groundwater resources in the country). The Kruja tectonic zone is characterized by the presence of SE–NW-oriented carbonate structures, rich in fresh and thermal groundwaters. More than 80% of the thermal springs in Albania are present in this tectonic zone. One of its most interesting carbonate structures, with the presence of both cold and thermal waters, is the small karst structure of Makaresh, with a surface of 22 km2. The purpose of this article is to describe the hydrogeological characteristics of this massif; based on the physico-chemical characteristics, groundwaters of the study area are classified as cold waters (belonging to the local flow system) and thermal waters (originating in intermediate/deep flow systems). The former are mainly of HCO3-Ca or HCO3-Ca-Mg type (electrical conductivity 580–650 μS/cm, Temperature 13.9–16.6 °C). Thermal waters are mainly of the Cl-Na-Ca type (EC 7200–7800 μS/cm, T 18.5–22.5 °C); they are further characterized by high hydrogen sulfide concentration, up to about 350 mg/L. The presence of two groundwater types in the Makaresh massif is connected to the presence of two groundwater circulation systems. The main factors of the groundwater physico-chemical quality are the dissolution of rocks and minerals contained therein, the presence of hypogenic speleogenesis, and the mixing of the groundwater of the two systems. The hydrogeological studies proved that karst rocks contain considerable freshwater resources, partly used for water supply. Thermal waters are not currently exploited due to their temperature, but they are potentially suitable for thermal uses by drilling boreholes to a depth of about 1000 m.

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Section: Hydrogeochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

Eftimi,

Liso,

Parise

2024

Hydrology

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“…Masayasu Nomura was achieved first and oecause our knowledge of this subunit is much more extensive than our knowledge of the 50S subunit, I center my discussion on the 305 subunits and refer only briefly to the 50S subunits; other aspects of ribosome research have been discussed more extensively elsewhere (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

Section: Assembly Of Bacterial Ribosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrological and Ecological Problems of Karst Regions

LeGrand

1973

Science

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Climate exerts a universal dominant influence on ecology, but processes of karstification have an equally high ecological influence in carbonate rock regions. Development of karst features depends greatly on the degree to which water containing carbon dioxide has been able to move on and through carbonate rocks and to remove some of the rock in solution. Distinctive features of many karst terranes include scarcity of soils, scarcity of surface streams, and rugged topography; less distinctive are the highly permeable and cavernous rocks, especially at the shallow depths. This high permeability gives rise to many practical problems, including (i) scarcity and poor predictability of groundwater supplies, (ii) scarcity of surface streams, (iii) instability of the ground, (iv) leakage of surface reservoirs, and (v) an unreliable waste-disposal environment. Natural karst processes in some carbonate rock regions have caused a greater restriction in the development of biota than man can ever be suspected of causing.

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“…Karst aquifers are among the richest in groundwater on Earth [1][2][3][4][5], and globally provide drinking water to almost a quarter of the world population [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. They are used even more extensively in the Mediterranean area) [15][16][17][18][19][20], and in south-eastern Europe where some large cities, including Tirana, are supplied with water from karst sources [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold and Thermal Waters Circulation Systems at the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

Eftimi,

Liso,

Parise

2023

Preprint

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Carbonate rocks occupy about 6490 km2 in Albania (23% of the country) and the total exploitable karst water resources are estimated in 2.84*109 m3/year (about 65% of the total exploitable groundwater resources in the country, and about 70% of those used for water supply). In addition, karst massifs are very rich in thermal waters, related to the ascending fluids which are essential for the development of hypogenic karstification in the outer Albanides. This type of karst facilitates the circulation regime of deep fluids, which are revealed at the surface through both numerous phenomena of hypogene karst and hot springs. The relatively small Kruja Tectonic Zone is characterized by the presence of SE-NW oriented carbonate structures, rich in thermal sources, and contains more than the 80% of Albania thermal springs. One of its most interesting carbonate structures, for the presence of both cold and thermal waters, is the small karst structure of Makaresh, with a surface of 22 km2. The purpose of this article is to describe the characteristics and factors that affect the quantitative and qualitative formation of cold and thermal groundwater in this massif. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics, groundwaters of the study area are classified in cold and thermal waters. The former are mainly of HCO3-Ca or HCO3-Ca-Mg type (Electrical Conductivity 580-650 μS/cm, Temperature 13.9-16.6° C). Thermal waters are mainly of the Cl-Na-Ca type (EC 7200-7800 μS/cm, T 18.5-22.5° C); further, they are characterized by high hydrogen sulphide concentration, up to about 350 mg/l. The presence of two groundwater types in the Makaresh massif is connected to the presence of two groundwater circulation systems. The main factors of the groundwater physic-chemical quality are the solution of rocks and minerals therein contained, the presence of hypogenic speleogenesis, and the mixing of the groundwater of the two systems. The hydrogeological studies proved that karst rocks contain considerable fresh water resources; the capacity of water wells used for the drinking water supply reaches up to about 50 l/s. Thermal waters are not currently exploited due to their temperature, but they are potentially suitable for thermal uses, by drilling boreholes at depth of about 1000 m.

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Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review

Cited by 27 publications

References 72 publications

Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

Hydrological and Ecological Problems of Karst Regions

Cold and Thermal Waters Circulation Systems at the Makaresh Carbonate Karst Massif (Central Albania)

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