Hydrological Analysis of Flooding Wastewater Lake in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Wastewater Lake, known as Almisk Lake, has been the dumping site of Jeddah's sewage for the last ten years. The lake was created as a stopgap measure to deal with the increasing amounts of wastewater in the growing city. It is located along wadi Bani Malek; the biggest wadi in east Jeddah (302 km 2 ). The lake covers an area of 2.88km 2 at a site 130 m above the mean sea level. A non-engineered earthen dike was built to prevent the wastewater polluted by toxic industrial wastes from flowing back to the city. About 40,000 m 3 of wastewater are transported to the lake every day and expanding significantly. Water levels are continuously rising. With winter rainfall, dangerous environmental consequences from wadi Bani Malek floods arise. Residents in the east of the Jeddah highway are in fear over the dam collapsing. Fears of Sewage Lake could overflow and flood Jeddah city are growing strongly. The purpose of the present paper is to simulate the floods of wadi Bani Malek at the lake site for various return periods to evaluate the threats on the lake, to develop conceptual model to evaluate the impacts on the subsurface flow to Jeddah city. Hydrological conditions for the study area were sought. The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) and Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS) models were used. Water budget components' for the lake were calculated. Proposed measures to alleviate the threats of the lake have been recommended. Results of the paper will promote ongoing solutions for sewage disposal in the city of Jeddah.

Input and dispersion of nutrients from the Jeddah Metropolitan Area, Red Sea

“…The arid climate is characterised by high air temperatures, with a multi-annual mean of 28.5°C, winds from the N to NNW directions (Basaham et al, 2009), and very little precipitation (54 mm y À1 ) (Ewea, 2010). Apart from a low number of rarely flooded wadis, no riverine freshwater runoff from the hinterland http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.052 0025-326X/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.…”

Flood Risk and Vulnerability of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

“…Its Flood Risk and Vulnerability of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.82073 geographical location on the ancient trade routes and its status as a seaport and airport through which the vast majority of pilgrims travel to the two holy cities Mecca and Medina have made it the most cosmopolitan city in all of Saudi Arabia. While the population was estimated at nearly 1 million in the late 1970s, it rose to 1.4 million in 1986, exceeding 3 million in 2010 [4]. It now stands at nearly 3.5 million, with a rate of 3.5% according to the municipality of Jeddah, which represents 14% of the population of Saudi Arabia.…”

Use of Multivariate Statistical Analysis for the Assessment of Groundwater Chemical Variations in Wadi Bani Malik Area, Saudi Arabia

“…About 70% of Jeddah region is not connected to sewerage pipelines; waste water collected in underground cesspools and then by truck tankers wastewater is transported to the Al Misk lake for more than 10 years. It was estimated that more than 800 tankers vacant 40,000 cubic meters of waste water into the lake every day and the amount has expanded significantly (Elfeki et al, 2010;Ewea, 2010;Rehman et al, 2016a;Rehman et al, 2016b).…”