Hydrologic interrelations between lands and oceans

Abstract

Rainfall in a given locality is governed by two sets of factors: (1) Hydrodynamic factors, such as topography and orographic conditions, which, together with atmospheric circulation, general and local, determine the occurrence and frequency of ascending air‐masses; (2) moisture‐supply. Either of these factors may be adequate to produce rain but if the other is deficient, little or no rain occurs. Air‐masses rich in moisture pass in summer from the Pacific Ocean over the coastal plains of California, producing little or no rain until forced above the condensation‐level by the coastal mountain ranges.

Hydrology of early Mars: Lake basins

“…As discussed in the conclusions, we intend to investigate the effect of interbasin groundwater in later work. The hydrologic balance for a given enclosed basin is expressed by a standard water balance equation [e.g., Horton , 1943; Benson and Thompson , 1987]: where V O is the yearly volumetric rate of overflow from the basin, V I is the inflow rate from adjacent basins, A T and A L are the total basin and lake area, respectively, P is the average precipitation rate, R B is the fraction of precipitation that contributes to runoff, and E is the evaporation rate (Figure 1). Hence, any changes in precipitation, evaporation, or runoff would cause variations in lake volume and surface area and, possibly, integration or fragmentation of larger basins depending upon whether smaller contributing basins overflow.…”

A spatially explicit model of runoff, evaporation, and lake extent: Application to modern and late Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin region, western United States

“…We consider the effects of this omission in the discussion. The hydrologic balance for a given enclosed basin is expressed by a standard water balance equation [e.g., Horton , 1943; Benson and Thompson , 1987]: where V O is the yearly volumetric rate of overflow from the basin, V I is the inflow rate from adjacent basins, A T and A L are, respectively, the total basin and lake area, P is the average precipitation rate, R B is the fraction of precipitation that contributes to runoff, and E is the evaporation rate. Hence, any changes in precipitation, evaporation, or runoff would cause variations in lake volume and surface area and, possibly, integration or fragmentation of larger basins depending upon whether smaller contributing basins overflow.…”

Untitled

“…More than 70 years ago, Jensen [1935] suggested such an idea to "engineer" rainfall, spurring much debate [e.g., Holzman, 1937;Horton, 1943;McDonald, 1962]. An often overlooked aspect of dams is that they trigger regional systematic changes in largescale land use and land cover (LULC) due to the multiple purposes they serve.…”