“…This is an indication of early warming of the surface ocean prior to glacial terminations at this subantarctic South Atlantic location, as SST rose substantially at subantarctic latitudes before any considerable continental ice volume change was recorded. The importance of the lead, and freshwater fluxes into the Southern Ocean, has already been stressed [Seidov et al, 2001], and a similar early response at terminations occurs in the California Current (East Pacific), at subtropical/subboreal latitudes [Herbert et al, 2001], at subantarctic latitudes [Charles et al, 1996;Labeyrie et al, 1996;Brathauer and Abelmann, 1999], in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean [Schneider et al, 1995], in the SW Africa upwelling system [Kim et al, 2002], and in the Polar and Antarctic Zone as well [Kunz-Pirrung et al, 2002;Gersonde, 2002, 2004]. In the California Current region SST increases several kyrs in advance of deglaciation at past glacial maxima [Herbert et al, 2001], suggesting that the surface ocean responded faster than continental ice sheets to an external climatic agent, for example, solar activity changes, sea-ice retreat, atmospheric CO 2 decrease [Shackleton, 2000].…”