“…In the first method, collected geophysical data are inverted separately from hydrologic model simulations, converted to hydrologic state variables using petrophysical relationships, and then used as calibration targets for the hydrologic model. This procedure has been referred to as Level 1 data fusion (Yeh & Šimůnek, 2002), sequential inversion (Yu et al., 2021), or left unnamed (Doetsch et al., 2012; Farmani et al., 2008; Kemna et al., 2002; Vanderborght et al., 2005), but recently has most often been referred to as uncoupled hydrogeophysical inversion (Beaujean et al., 2014; Camporese et al., 2015; Claes et al., 2020; González‐Quirós & Comte, 2021; Hinnell et al., 2010; Irving & Singha, 2010). In the second method, predicted state variables of hydrologic models are transformed into geophysical variables with petrophysical relationships and are then used in forward geophysical simulations to predict a geophysical response.…”