Hydrogeologic setting and conceptual hydrologic model of the Spring Creek Basin, Centre County, Pennsylvania, June 2005

Fulton, John W.; Koerkle, Edward H.; McAuley, Steven D.; Hoffman, Scott A.; Zarr, Linda F.

doi:10.3133/sir20055091

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In fact, when we assume b on the order of 0.1, we get an average evaporation rate on the order of 4 mm/day, which is consistent with evaporation values for the region (4.6 mm/day; see [10]). In a second step, we relax the assumption that aðtÞ ¼ 1 and calculate the value needed to close the water balance, assuming that evaporation is constant and equal to 4.6 mm/day.…”

Section: Appendix a Water Balancementioning

confidence: 51%

An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale

Curtu

Mantilla

Fonley

et al. 2014

Advances in Water Resources

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Section: Appendix a Water Balancementioning

confidence: 51%

An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale

Curtu

Mantilla

Fonley

et al. 2014

Advances in Water Resources

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“…During storm events, runoff in these upland watersheds is typically generated via subsurface flow pathways that drain laterally downslope along the bedrock surface. This lateral subsurface flow can eventually produce saturationexcess overland flow at the base of hillslopes and in the near-stream zone (Fulton et al, 2005). In contrast, streams that drain the karst valleys are fed by a combination of mountain runoff from the forested ridges and large ground water spring inputs (Fulton et al, 2005;O'Driscoll and DeWalle, 2006).…”

Section: Spring Creek Watershedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, streams that drain the karst valleys are fed by a combination of mountain runoff from the forested ridges and large ground water spring inputs (Fulton et al, 2005;O'Driscoll and DeWalle, 2006). Due to the highly soluble limestone and dolomite bedrock, a significant portion of the carbonate valley aquifer is of the conduit flow type (Fulton et al, 2005), which is characterized by large subsurface drainage pipes of considerable diameter (Shuster and White, 1971;White, 1988). These pipes can store and slowly release significant quantities of ground water during and several days after a storm event (White and Reich, 1970).…”

Section: Spring Creek Watershedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This lateral subsurface flow can eventually produce saturationexcess overland flow at the base of hillslopes and in the near-stream zone (Fulton et al, 2005). In contrast, streams that drain the karst valleys are fed by a combination of mountain runoff from the forested ridges and large ground water spring inputs (Fulton et al, 2005;O'Driscoll and DeWalle, 2006). Due to the highly soluble limestone and dolomite bedrock, a significant portion of the carbonate valley aquifer is of the conduit flow type (Fulton et al, 2005), which is characterized by large subsurface drainage pipes of considerable diameter (Shuster and White, 1971;White, 1988).…”

Section: Spring Creek Watershedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, fractions of event NO 3 were generally much less than fractions of event water on all three nonurban karst watersheds, which suggested that flushing of stored NO 3 and assimilative processes may have been important. With regard to flushing potential, the carbonate aquifers that underlie the valleys in the nonurban karst watersheds promote substantial storage of ground water (Fulton et al, 2005) in pipes and solution cavities (White, 1988). This ground water can be released slowly during storm events (White and Reich, 1970) and can flush of a mixture of stored NO 3 sources that likely have been subject to biogeochemical processing and transformation.…”

Section: No 3 Sources-mixed Land-use Watershed At Rock Roadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA

Buda

DeWalle

2009

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:Understanding the influence of storm events on nitrate (NO 3 ) dynamics is important for efficiently managing NO 3 pollution. In this study, five sites representing a downstream progression of forested uplands underlain by resistant sandstone to karst lowlands with agricultural, urban and mixed land-use were established in Spring Creek, a 201 km 2 mixed land-use watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. At each site, stream water was monitored during six storm events in 2005 to assess changes in stable isotopes of NO 3 (υ 15 N-NO 3 and υ 18 O-NO 3 ) and water (υ 18 O-H 2 O) from baseflow to peakflow. Peakflow fractions of event NO 3 and event water were then computed using two-component mixing models to elucidate NO 3 flow pathway differences among the five sites. For the forested upland site, storm size appeared to affect NO 3 sources and flow pathways. During small storms (<35 mm rainfall), greater event NO 3 fractions than event water fractions indicated the prevalence of atmospheric NO 3 source contributions at peakflow. During larger storms (>35 mm rainfall), event NO 3 fractions were less than event water fractions at peakflow suggesting that NO 3 was flushed from stored sources via shallow subsurface flow pathways. For the urbanized site, wash-off of atmospheric NO 3 was an important NO 3 source at peakflow, especially during short-duration storms where event water contributions indicated the prevalence of overland flow. In the karst lowlands, very low fractions of event water and even lower fractions of event NO 3 at peakflow suggested the dominance of ground water flow pathways during storms. These ground water flow pathways likely flushed stored NO 3 sources into the stream, while deep soils in the karst lowlands also may have promoted NO 3 assimilation. The results of this study illustrated how NO 3 isotopes and υ 18 O-H 2 O could be combined to show key differences in water and NO 3 delivery between forested uplands, karst valleys and fully urbanized watersheds.

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Addressing the spatial disconnect between national‐scale total maximum daily loads and localized land management decisions

Amin

Veith²,

Shortle

et al. 2020

J of Env Quality

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Regulatory watershed mitigation programs typically emphasize widespread adoption of best management practices (BMPs) to meet total maximum daily load (TMDL) goals. To comply with the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, jurisdictions must develop watershed implementation plans (WIPs) to determine the number and type of BMPs to implement. However, the spatial resolution of the bay-level model used to determine these load reduction goals is so coarse that the regulatory plan cannot consider heterogeneity in local conditions, which affects BMP effectiveness. Using the Topo-SWAT modification of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), we simulated two BMP adoption scenarios in the Spring Creek watershed in central Pennsylvania to determine if leveraging fine-scale spatial heterogeneity to place BMPs could achieve the same (or better) nutrient and sediment reduction at a lower cost than the state-level WIP BMP adoption recommendations. Topo-SWAT was initialized with detailed land use and management practice information, systematically calibrated, and validated against 12 yr of observed data. After determining individual BMP cost effectiveness, results were ranked to design a cost-effective BMP adoption scenario that achieved equal or greater load reduction as the WIP scenario for 74% of the cost using eight management-based BMPs: no-till, manure injection, cover cropping, riparian buffers, land retirement, manure application timing, wetland restoration, and nitrogen management (15% less N input). Because watersheds of this size typically represent the smallest modeling unit in the Chesapeake Bay Model, results demonstrate the potential to use watershed models with finer inference scales to improve recommendations for BMP implementation under the Chesapeake Bay TMDL.

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Hydrogeologic setting and conceptual hydrologic model of the Spring Creek Basin, Centre County, Pennsylvania, June 2005

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale

An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale

Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA

Addressing the spatial disconnect between national‐scale total maximum daily loads and localized land management decisions

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